الفهرس 
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Abstract
Alteration of respiratory drive, mechanics, muscle functions, and gas exchange are frequent if not invariable consequences of uraemia.
Pulmonary dysfunction may be the direct result of circulating uraemic toxins, or may result indirectly from volume overload, anemia, immune suppression, extraosseous calcification, malnutrition, electrolyte disturbances, and/or acid-base imbalance (Prezant, 1990).
Changes in the respiratory functions are among the frequent complications of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, whereby their clinical impact is manifested above all in critically ill patients