الفهرس 
Anatomy of the EsophagusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) occurs as a normal event, but the clinical features of GERD occurs only when the anti-reflux measures fail sufficiently, to allow gastric contents to make prolonged contact with the lower esophageal mucosa causing damage to tissues (Spechler, 1996).
GERD varies from mild dyspeptic symptoms with normal endoscopic findings up to several complications like, gastrointestinal bleeding from distal esophageal ulcers caused by the reflux, also esophageal stenosis caused by the healing of the deep esophageal ulcers by fibrosis in the lower end of the esophagus, another serious complication of GERD is the development of Barrett’s mucosa which means the creeping of the columnar mucosa into the distal esophagus, this form of metaplasia is serious because it is premalignant and adenocarcinoma of the lower end of the esophagus may occur on top (The Egyptian Group For The Study Of Gastrointestinal Motility, 1995a).