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Abstract
Diabetic macular edema is swelling of the retina in diabetes mellitus due to leaking of fluid from blood vessels within the macula which is believed to be the result of retinal microvascular changes that occur in patients with diabetes. Thickening of the basement membrane and reduction in the number of pericytes lead to increase permeability and incompetence of retinal vasculature. It is classified into focal and diffuse. Clinically significant macular edema is considered if edema is close enough to the center of the retina to pose a risk to vision. Risk factors of developing DME are type 1 and 2 DM with long duration of diabetes up to 10 years, poor control of hyperglycemia, renal diseases, systemic hypertension and serum hyperlipidemia. (23).