الفهرس 
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Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is generally defined as an abrupt and sustained decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which leads to accumulation of nitrogenous waste products and uremic toxins. (Nissenson, 1998)
Acute renal failure (now known as Acute Kidney Injury – AKI) with or without the need for replacement therapy (RRT) is a frequent problem on the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Incidence of ARF varies from 5 to 15% in critically ill patients. Although the mortality rate of an isolated episode of ARF is approximately 10 to 15% , when ARF occurs in association with multiple organ dysfunction, mortality rates are much higher and vary in published series between 50 and 90%.(Venkataraman et al.