الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) exist in the formation water with different concentrations depending on the composition of surrounding formations, depth, pressure and temperature. The reservoir rock from which oil is produced contains small amounts of natural Uranium and Thorium. One of the daughter elements is Radium, which is soluble in water. When this water brings up during the production of oil and gases, the radioactive materials may deposit on the form of scales or sludge in the production lines and inside processing equipment. The Atomic Energy Act and Radiation Protection Ordinance regulate the radiation control of TE-NORM in non-nuclear industries. In this work the radiation protection program (RPP) designed for some typical oil fields in Egypt is presented. Monitoring and assessment of this program was discussed in view of the Egyptian regulation of TE-NORM (AEA, PET- 1, 1999). The mechanism of scale and sludge formations on the inner surface of the processing equipment in both Off and On Shore facilities were assessed for their radioactive content. The specific activities of the measured samples were based on Ra-226, Pb-214 and Bi-214 of U-238 series and Ac-228 , Tl-208 of Th-232 series. The functional elements of the RPP define three categories of the controlled facilities according to dose assessment and personnel exposure. Illustrative examples were carried out to assist operators in identifying the minimum requirements to be addressed within a RPP for a typical oil production sites. In particular, an overview of the implementation of the applicable regulation is discussed. It was found that the RPP in some typical oil and gas production fields accomplish their goals and the resultant annual dose to workers in different areas of production facilities was less than 1.0 mSv. This means that, a typical occupational annual dose is within the dose limit for the general public (1.0 mSv per year) (IAEA, 1996).