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Abstract
Radiation exposure from natural radioactive materials present in the environment and from different nuclear activities induce damages to living organisms, these damages originate from active oxygen species produced from water and oxygen in living organisms due to radiation effect. These active oxygen species react with various intracellular component including DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other lower molecular weight substances, producing genetic and metabolic changes in addition to abnormalities of all function.
This study aims to evaluate the possible protective and treatment role of some natural antioxidants; (Melatonin, Zinc, Vitamin A, and Beans hull extract against irradiation damages which produce changes in certain biochemical parameters and histological ultrastructure of liver and kidney of rats exposed to single dose of whole body gamma irradiation at 6 Gy. Also its protection role in un-irradiated rats was studied.
To achieve this aim the following procedures was followed :
1- Determination of the total phenolic content of the ethanolic beans hull
Extract.
2- Identification of the essential component in the ethanolic beans hull
extract using GC-MS.
3- Experiments were done using 70 male rats. All rats were fed on normal
diet for two weeks, then rats were divided into two main groups (a , b)
each group composed 35 rats.
a- The first main group wasn’t exposed to radiation and divided into 7 sub-groups (control group and the other six groups were fed on diet with different antioxidants orally twice a week for 8 weeks).These antioxidants were melatonin 200µg/100g, zinc 200 µg/100g, vitamin A 3000 µ/100g and beans hull extraxt with dose 20,40 and 60 µg/100g.
b- The second main group was exposed to whole body γ radiation at 6 Gy and divided into 7 sub-groups (control group and the other six groups were fed on diet with different antioxidants previously mentioned twice a week for 8 weeks).
The whole body γ-irradiation of rats was given at a dose rate 1.026 Gy/min using γ-cell 220 (Co60).
Blood samples were collected from rats at the end of the experimental periods after 8 weeks. Blood samples were divided into two parts. The first part was used for studying the hematological parameters. The second part was used for the determination of biochemical parameters. All these studies were done for all groups.
Hematological studies :-
In these studies the following parameters were determined; hemoglobin, RBC’s, WBC’s and hematocrit.
Biochemical studies :-
The biochemical investigation includes liver enzyme (ALT and AST), kidney function tests (creatinine, urea and uric acid), protein (total protein, albumin and globulin), lipids (total lipids, cholesterol, HDL and LDL) and glucose.
Also the lipid peroxidation was investigated by determination of glutathione peroxidase enzyme and malondialdehyde.
Hisological studies :-
Histological examination of the liver and the kidney of unradiated and irradiated rats, treated with different antioxidants were done.
Body weight and weight of different organs (liver, kidney, spleen and tests) were recorded.
The obtained results indicated that :-
- The ethanolic extract of beans hull represent as 13.02% of the weight of hulls and the total phenolic content was 26.45 µg/g of beans hull weight. Results showed that ethanolic extract of beans hull contains some important phenolic compounds include; iso-butyl protocatecolet, flavoniod glacoxide. It also contains α-tocopherol and carotein . All these compounds are effective as antioxidants.
- The obtained results showed that feeding unradiated rats orally with melatonin, vitamin A, and beans hull extract has the following effects:
a) Improvement in Hb percent, RBC’s count, WBC’s count and hematocrit compared with hematological parameters of unradiated and un-treated rats (control group).
b) Improvement in liver and kidney functions and increase body immunity via increase in globulin conc. In blood.
c) Increase in glutathione peroxidase enzyme and decrease in mlondialdehyde content of serum.
d) Non-significant effect on total lipid, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol.
e) Significant effect on rat’s growth ratio and organ weight (liver – kidney – spleen and tests) for rats feeding on melatonin, zinc, vit. A or ethanolic beans hull extract.
- Results indicated that whole body γ-irradiation of rate at (6Gy) causes significant diminish in; haemoglobin, (RBC’s) count, serum albumin and glutathione enzyme in serum life body weight, tests weight. The whole body irradiation of rate at (6Gy) lead to significant increase in liver, kidney and spleen weights. Also there was increase in total lipids, cholesterol, glucose, lipoproteins, LDL-cholesterol, urea and creatinine. Results showed that whole body γ-irradiation causes significant elevation in the activity of liver enzymes (ALT,AST) and kidney function tests (creatinine and urea). The histological examination of liver and kidney tissue showed some changes in liver and kidney tissues.
- Result indicated that giving antioxidant to rats have high significant effects in hematological parameters of blood and improvement in liver enzymes, glutathione peroxidase, kidney function, live body weight. Also antioxidant treatment causes significant decrease in malondialdyhde, and low density lipoprotein of rats serum.
Obtained results showed that taking ethanolic beans hull extracts at 40μg/100g b.w. has a positive effect on biochemical parameters and also on histological ultrastructure closer to the melatonin effect.