الفهرس Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 42 |  |  |
| | | from | 42 | | |
Abstract
Two field experiment were conducted at the Experimental Farm of Etai: El Baroud Agricultural Research Station (Behaira Governorate) – Agricultural Research Center (ARC), during 2003 and 2004 seasons to study the effect of nitrogen fertilization levels and methods of zinc application on the productivity of some rice varieties Giza 177, Sakha 101 and Sakha 104.
Split–split–plot design was used with four replications which rice varieties were allocated in the main plots, nitrogen levels were in sub plots whereas, zinc methods of application were allocated in sub – sub plots four nitrogen levels were as urea from (46.5% N) as following 0.110, 165 and 220 kg N / ha N levels were applied in two splits 2/3 basally and incorporated into the dry soil just before flooding and 1/3, 7 days before panicle initiation according to each rice variety.
Three zinc methods of application were used namely seed soaking in 1% zinc sulphate solution 24 hours before broadcasting, soil application with the rate of 22 kg Zn SO4 / ha were applies in to the weted nursery before seed broadcasting and zinc sulphate foliar application with the rate of 1% zinc sulphate solution 20 days after seed broadcasting.
Rice seed were predicated in May 20 in both seasons at the rate of 144 kg / ha.
With three or four seedling /hill. thirty days old seedlings were transplanted manually into the plots 15 m2 at 20 X 20 cm between rows and hills to give 25 hills / m2 .
Saturn 50% (Thiobencarb) at the rate of 5 L/ ha was applied 9 days after farms planting for weed central All cultural practices were done as recommended.
Studied characters :
A- Vegetative growth characters .
1- Plant height :
A significant differences were detective among rice varieties. Sakha 104 recorded the highest plant height followed by Giza 177 while, Sakha 101 recorded the shortest plant. Increasing nitrogen levels significantly increased plant height up to 165 kg N/ ha. On the other hand zinc methods of application didn’t show any significant effect on this trait in both seasons.
2- Flag leaf area ( cm2):
Sakha 101 rice variety recorded the highest values of flag leaf area while, no significant difference between Giza 177 and Sakha 104 in this character. Increasing N levels up to 165 kg N / ha significant increased flag leaf area regardless rice variety. Soaking rice seeds in zinc solution significantly increased flag leaf area. No significant difference between the other two zinc methods of application in both seasons.
3- Crop Growth Rate (CGR).
Sakha 104 rice variety recorded the highest values. Giza 177 was the lowest one. Sakha 101 was intermediate in both seasons of study. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 220 kg N / ha significantly increased crop growth rate. Foliar spray of zinc significantly increased crop growth rate followed by soil application while, seed soaking didn’t show any significant effect on this trait.
4- Number of days to 50% heading.
Sakha 101 rice variety recorded the longest period form sowing up to 50% flowering followed by Sakha 104 while, Giza 177 recorded the shortest period. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 220 kg N / ha significantly increased number of days to heading. Soil application of zinc and foliar spray increased the period while seed soaking didn’t show any significant effect on this trait.
5- Shoot – Root ratio at heading time .
Sakha 104 rice variety recorded the highest ratio while, no significant difference between the other varieties. Insignificant effect due to nitrogen levels on this trait in both seasons. Zinc soil application showed significant effect on this trait while, no significant difference between the other two methods of application in both seasons on this trait.
6- Root – depth (cm).
No significant differences among rice varieties on this trait in both seasons. Some trend was observed in the first seasons for nitrogen effect on root depth. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 220 kg N / ha significantly decreased root depth in 2004 season. No significant effect due to the method of zinc application on this trait in both seasons in all rice variety under study.
B- Yield and its components.
1- Panicle length (cm) .
Sakha 101 recorded the longest panicles followed by Sakha 104 while, Giza 177 recorded the shortest panicles in both seasons. Increasing nitrogen up to 165 kg N / ha significantly increased panicle length. On the other hand, zinc methods of application didn’t show any significant effect on this trait.
2- Panicle weight (g).
Sakha 101 rice variety recorded the heaviest panicles while, no significant difference between Sakha 104 and Giza 177 in both seasons on this trait. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer up to 165 kg N/ ha significantly increased panicle weight in both seasons. No significant effect due to zinc methods of application on this trait in both seasons.
3- Number of filled grains / panicle.
Sakha 101 rice variety yielded the highest number of filled grain / panicle followed by Sakha 104 while Giza 177 recorded the lowest number of filled grains /panicles 165 kg N / ha was adequate for the highest number of filled grains / panicle. Zinc soil application method gave the highest number of filled grains / panicle followed by zinc foliar spray while, seed soaking method gave the lowest number of filled grains / panicle.
4- Number of panicles / hill .
Sakha 101 rice variety produces the highest number of panicle /hill followed by Sakha 101 while, Giza 177 recorded the lowest number of panicle / hill. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer up to 220 kg N / ha significantly number of panicles / hill. No significant effect due to zinc methods of applications on this trait in both seasons.
5- Biological yield (t/ ha).
Sakha 104 rice variety produced the highest biomass followed by Sakha 101 while Giza 177 yield the lowest biomass in both seasons. Increasing nitrogen levels from 0 to 220 kg N / ha significantly increased biomass in both seasons. Concerning the effect of zinc methods of application on this trait, soil application gave the highest value followed by foliar spray while, seed soaking gave the lowest value of this trait in both seasons.
6- Grain yield (t/ha ).
Sakha 101 rice variety recorded the highest value of grain yield followed by Sakha 104 while Giza 177 recorded the lowest grain yield / ha in both seasons. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 220 kg N /ha significantly increased grain yield. Zinc soil application gave the highest value of grain yield followed by foliar spray methods while, seed soaking gave the lowest grain yield in both seasons.
7- Harvest index.
Sakha 101 rice variety recorded the highest values of harvest index. Insignificant difference between the other two rice varieties, No significant difference between 165 and 220 kg N / ha on this trait in both seasons. Zinc soil application methods gave the highest value of harvest index followed by foliar spray while seed soaking didn’t show any significant increase.
8- Thousand grain weight (g).
Giza 177 rice variety recorded the highest 1000 grain weight followed by Sakha 104 while, Sakha 101 recorded the lowest value of this trait. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 165 kg N / ha significantly increased 1000 grain weight in both seasons. Zinc soil application gave the highest value and no significant difference between the other two methods.
C- Grain technology characters.
1- Hulling % .
Giza 177 rice variety recorded the highest percentage of hulling followed by Sakha 104 while, Sakha 101 recorded the lowest value. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 165 kg N / ha significantly increased hulling %. No significant effect due to zinc methods of application on this trait in both seasons.
2- Milling %:
Giza 177 rice variety recorded the highest hulling% followed by Sakha 104 while, Sakha 101 recorded the lowest value. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 220 kg N/ha significantly increased hulling % in both seasons. No significant effect due to zinc methods of application on this trait in both seasons.
3- Head rice %.
Giza 177 rice variety recorded the highest head rice % followed by Sakha 101 while Sakha 104 recorded the lowest values in both seasons. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 165 kg N/ ha. Soil application methods gave the highest head rice% followed by foliar spray while seed soaking gave the lowest values on this trait in both seasons.
Effect of the interaction:
1- The effect of the interaction between the tested varieties of rice and N levels was significant on plant height, root depth, No. of panicles / hill and 1000-grain weight in 2003 season, flage leaf area, CGR, at heading, shoot/root ratio at heading, biological yield and grain yield in 2003 and 2004 growing seasons.
2- Plant height, flage leaf area, at heading, root depth, No. of panicles / hill in the 1st season, CGR, biological yieldt / ha and grain yieldt / ha in both seasons were significantly influenced by the interaction between N levels and methods of ZnSO4 application.
3- Crop growth rate in 2003 season, shoot / root ratio at heading, biological yieldt / ha, grain yieldt / ha and 1000 grain weight in 2003 and 2004 seasons were significantly affected by the interaction between tested genotypes of rice and Zn sulphate applications.
4- There were a significant differences interaction between Zn sulphate treatments and N levels or tested rice varieties on hulling, milling and heading rice percentages in both seasons.
5- The interaction among the three factors studied were significant on crop growth rate in both seasons.
GENERAL CONCLUSION
Giza 177 Cv. was the earliest variety while Shakha 101 Cv. Was the latest and Salha 104 Cv. Was in-between.
Sakha 104 Cv. Surpassed the other varieties in vegetative growth as well as biological yield. Sakha 101 Cv. recorded the highest values of panicles characters, No. of panicles / hill grain yield (t/ha) and harvest index. Difference between Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 in some traits was insignificant.
Giza 177 Cv. recorded the highest values of 1000-grain weight, hulling, milling and heading rice percentages.
Appling of 220 kg N/ha gave the highest values of most growth characters, grain yield and its components and latest heading and grain quality. The difference between 165 and 220 kg N/ha in most cases was insignificant.
Adding 220 kg N/ha with soil or foliar application of ZnSO4 produced the best results for grain yield (t/ha) and good quality of Sakha 101 Cv. of rice crop.