الفهرس 
The skullOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Understanding the location of the supraoribtal and infraorbital
foramina and their variations will assist the clinician in performing
local anesthetic blocks and is very important for surgeons doing
head and braw lift surgeries, eye surgeries & dentomaxillofacial
surgeries. It is also important regarding the medicolegal aspects.
Although there are many reports have described the
anatomical location of infraorbital foramen, not many have
described the angle of the infraorbital canal that help the physician to
visualize the correct direction of the needle. The available data
concerning with the anatomical variations between these structures
in relation to gender and side are deficient. So this study aimed to
give a detailed information about the exact position of supra &
infraorbital foramina. It described also the structures around the
infraorbital foramina estimated the angles related to the infraorbital
canal and compare these angles measured by skull photographs with
those measured by x – ray. All measures were done respecting the
side and gender of the skull.
In this study, 80 skulls were examined, 10 skulls were
photographed (anterior & 2 lateral view for each one), x – ray films
were taken for 10 skulls (Frontal, 2 lateral views for each one) and a
C-T radiograph were done for only one skull.
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Both sides of the skulls were studied regarding the
morphology of SOF & IOF as well as determining there position in
relation to the different anatomical landmarks. The symmetry of the
foramina were also noted. Measurements made included. (1)
Distance from SOF/N to facial midline, (2) Distance from IOF to
IOM, (3) Distance from IOF to ANS, (4) Distance from IOF to
IOFiss, (5) Length of IOG and IOC and (6) Angles between IOC and
both midline & Frankfurt plane. The pearson correlation test was
used for data obtained from the skull. Student t-test and ANOVA
used to statistically analyze the relationship between variants.
Results:
The supraorbital exit was found as a notch more frequently
(70%) than a foramen (28.75%). While (1.25%) of skulls showed
neither a notch nor a foramen. The SON/F was single in most of
skulls (83%), whereas (15.6%) of skulls showed a single accessory
foramen.
The average horizontal width of the SON/F was 0.46 cm while
the average vertical length of supraorbital foramen was 0.18 cm.
The distance from the centre of the SON/F to the facial
midline was 2.59 cm. It was significantly lower in females than
males only the left side.
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The infraorbital foramen was single (85%) or with single or
double accessory foramina (12.5% & 2.5% respectively). These
accessory foramina were mostly situated above and medial to the
main foramen which was directed either downwards, forwards and
medially (46.3%) or directly medially (32.5%). The other directions
of IOF was infrequent (11.3% and 10% for downward and forward
directions respectively).
The IOF was oval, semilunar or rounded (38.8%, 35.6%
& 25.6% respectively).
The average dimensions of IOF were 0.46 cm horizontally and
0.33 cm vertically.
The average distance from the IOF to the IOM was 0.63 cm
but it was measured 3.83 cm and 2.95 cm from IOF to ANS and
IOFiss respectively. The length of IOC was 1.49 cm and the IOG
was 1.47 cm.
The most frequent type of structures around IOF seen in
Egyptians was type IV the next was type III & then type I. While
type II is the rarest one. The structures around IOF greatly affect the
shape of it as round IOF was frequently seen in type III & IV skulls,
while the oval IOF was the rarest shape in type III skulls. There was
variation between male & female in the type of structures around
IOF.
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The average angles between IOC and midline was 23.1o but
for the Frankfurt plane, it was 22.7°. In females the angle between
the IOC & Frankfurt plane was significantly lower than this in
males.
The largest angle between IOC & Frankfurt plane was
registered in type III skulls, while the smallest was in type I. In
relation to the midline, the largest angle was detected in type II and
the smallest was in type IV.