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Abstract
Blood group antigens can act as functional molecules and can evoke
autoantibodies and alloantibodies, causing autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
hemolytic disease of the newborn and hemolytic transfusion reactions.
The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) currently
recognizes 29 major blood group systems (including the ABO and Rh
systems).
Hemolytic transfusion reactions are classified into immediate
(intravascular) and delayed hemolytic reactions, the most common antigen
in it: ABO, Rh, MNSs and Kidd.
The Rh blood group remains the most common cause of hemolytic
disease of the newborn, the other less common cause include ABO, Kell,
Duffy and rarely MNSs system.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is defined as accelerated red blood
cell destruction. In warm type, the Rh system is the commonest cause.
While in cold agglutinin disease the most common is the Ii system, less
common Pr antigen and in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria the P antigen
is the most common. There are many Methods of detection of
alloantibodies and autoantibodies, which include direct coombs test,
indirect coombs test, Manual polybrene test and the gel test.