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Abstract
Nile River is one of the world longest rivers but considered the longest river by adding its tributaries which reach 6850 km. The Nile basin covers about 10% of Africa where the basin area reaches 3106 km2 and spread over 10 countries Burundi, Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. from the comparison between Nile and other major rivers such as Amazon, Congo, Mississippi, Mekong, Zambezi, and Rhine shows that the discharged water from Nile basin is very small relative to the basin area also fast water demand increase and multiple uses for the basin countries specially Egypt and Sudan which classified arid regions, so it was very important to search about new projects to increase water flow in the river and also river planning and management techniques to better solve water shortage problems. The complexity of the nature and economic system within a river basin makes it difficult to plan and design an optimal operation program, A model may be helpful in accounting for all relevant components comprising a river basin in addressing various planning and management objectives. In the present study, an optimization model was developed to produce optimal operation guidelines for water resources in a main Nile River basin under different operation rules using optimization software. The model enables the water planner/manager to evaluate and choose the most suitable operation guidelines for the local conditions and objectives. Although the model was developed as an optimization model, simulation components were included to better solve the complex optimization problem. The model includes all the essential relationships of these components in a one-year time horizon with a monthly time step. The model objective minimized water deficit between water supply, and demand at all demand sites over all periods under three kinds of constraints: physical constraints (e.g., mass balances), policy constraints (e.g., political and international boundaries), and system control constraints (e.g., maintaining feasibility). Different operation scenarios were developed to the study area (Main Nile River basin) to determine the shortage value for the operation scenario such as operation of Aswan High Dam (AHD) under the present demand values at dry year of minimum flow values considering short term storage, operation of (AHD) under the present demand values at year of normal flow values considering short and long term storage, and operation of (AHD) under demand increase by year 2020 considering long term storage taking monthly time step for the studied area of Egypt and Sudan.