الفهرس 
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Abstract
The flat slab is one of the most efficient structural
systems. Flat slab can be constructed in minimum time with
minimum field labour because the flat slab utilizes the
Simplest formwork and reinforcing steel layout.
Therefore, flat slab become economical in most constru
ctions than the other structural systems and widely used in
most important structures such as multi-story apartment
buildings, hotels, hospitals, offices, warehouses and
schools.
Generally, there are two approximate design methods,
namely, the Empirical Design Method and the Equivalent
Frame Method.
I.1 The Empirical Design Method. (1,2,3,15)
In the Empirical Design Method, it is assumed that the
support reactions on the column capitals have triangular
distribution. The effective span of a slab panel is taken
as the distance between the centres of gravity of these
triangles as shown in Figure (1.1), according to the Egypt
ian Code of Practice. (E.C.P.) and the Russian (T NIPS)
K: S
Recommendations (Ref.1). The effective span of slab is con
sidered the distance between the face of column heads acco
rding to the American Concrete Institute (ACI-STANDARD).The