الفهرس 
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Abstract
Bacteria utilize different strategies to adapt to varying environmental conditions, and this allows them to thrive in a wide range of niches. Unfavorable environmental conditions typically induce response consisting of a characteristic change in the pattern of gene expression Microorganisms not only growing under but requiring unusual, thus extreme, environmental conditions for growth are grouped together under the term extremophiles.In these habitats environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, salinity and alkalinity concentrations are extremely high or low.