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Abstract
Leptin is an endocrine and a growth factor, which is important for regulation of body fat, feeding, and energy homeostasis. The anti-obesity function of leptin has been recently extended to reproduction, puberty and pregnancy as an endocrine signal to the hypothalamus. ( Bajoria et al .,2002)
Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and relative insulin deficiency,resistance or both.It affects more than 120 million people world wide,and it is estimated that it will affect 220 million by the year 2020. Diabetes is usually irreversible,its late complications result in reduced life expectancy and major health costs.these include macrovascular disease,leading to an increased prevalence of CAD,peripheral vascular disease and stroke, and microvascular damage causing diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy.
( Kumar and Clark 2002)
Macrovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus. Risk factors such as abnormal lipid profiles, smoking and hypertension may be involved in the process, but the differences in the distributions of these factors among members of non-diabetic and diabetic populations can not explain the higher prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) among diabetic patients
( Krolewski et al ., 1991)
In insulin resistant states, any abnormality that is found with defective glucose metabolism ( e.g. dyslipidemia, higher B.P., platelet hypercoagulation,
prothrombotic changes ) could be due to insulin resistance itself and/or the chronic effects of the attendant hyperinsulinemia (John 2000).