الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cannabis is the most commonly abused drug in the world. There are 141 million cannabis users which correspond to 2.25 % of the world population. In Egypt, the Anti Narcotic General Administration (ANGA) showed that the narcotics problem costs the Egyptian economy approximately 800 million dollars annually, including the amounts spent on illegal drugs and what the government spends to combat the problem.
Bango produces dose related impairment in cognitive and behavioral functions that may potentially impair driving. The most serious possible consequence of acute cannabis use is a road traffic accident if a user drives under the effect of bango. Also, bango leads to decline in attention and pathological aging of the brain which leads to difficult learning in students.
The present study was performed as two parts. The first one on human volunteers (500 drivers from the regular check up to obtain the driving license, and 500 students from five different secondary schools in Assiut province) to detect bango in different body fluids (urine, blood, and saliva) and hair by TLC and then confirmed by HPLC. Also to detect the predisposing factors that may lead these groups of people to take bango.
The second part was done on male albino rats in the Animal House in Assiut University, to detect the life span of bango in different body (blood and urine) and hair, also to determine histopathological effects of oral bango administration (acute and subchronic effects) on different organs. Also, LD50 of oral bango administration was determined in the present study.
The LD50 was determined as follow, thirty five male rats weighted (120 – 140 gm) selected randomly. The rats divided into seven groups and was given different doses of bango extract orally. The animals observed for two weeks, mortality rate estimated and measured manually by using the probit analysis and linear regression and by computer program using SPSS Program (Statistical package for the social science).
After determination of the LD50, one hundred male albino rats selected randomly, and divided into two main groups. Forty rats considered as control group, 20 of them were blank control and the other 20 were vehicle group. The remaining 60 rats divided into two groups, 20 of them took the acute dose of bango orally, once to determine the effects of acute bango use. Forty rats took 1/10 of the LD50 for 90 days. Ten of them killed after the 90 days to determine the subchronic effects of bango abuse and the remaining divided into two equal groups to show the effects of bango withdrawal either sudden or gradual.
The results of the human part demonstrated that bango abuse in drivers was 12% in the studied group. Bango abuse concentrated in age group (21- <31Y) by 51.7% and in those driving microbus, van and half van by 30%, 28.3% and 23.3% respectively. Abuse was more among cigarette and shisha smokers by 83.3% and 100% respectively. Also it was found that bango abuse increase in the period of work (5 -< 15Y) by58.3%. In students, it was found that bango abuse was 11.6%, concentrated in male students by 100%, and in those with daily fund more than one pound (44.8%). The abused students tend to be more aggressive toward their friends and their family members by (65.5% and 96.6% respectively). Also, tend to be lazy to share in school activities (69.3%). Abused students present in large family (8 -11 persons) by 63.8% and family with troubles between parents (81% in divorced parents).
The results of the second part demonstrated the effects of bango upon the male albino rats after calculation of the LD50. Observed and expected frequencies of deaths in rats after administration of different doses of bango were calculated. The LD50 calculated manually and by SPSS programme was the same equal to 1729.6 mg/Kg
Determination of the life span of bango in urine, blood and hair after sudden withdrawal was determined and the results were: the main constitute of cannabis plant (Δ9THC) and its main metabolite (11- OH - Δ9THC) still found in urine of the animals up to 3 weeks after withdrawal. In blood both (Δ9THC) and (11- OH - Δ9THC) cannot be detected after the second week from withdrawal. In hair the level of (Δ9THC) was more than the metabolite and both can be detected up to five weeks after withdrawal.
Histopathological effects of bango on different organs (brain, liver, kidneys and testicles) in male albino rats also were determined in acute and subchronic administration of oral bango and after sudden and gradual withdrawal. All the studied organs affected markedly due to the acute and subchronic administration of oral bango abuse in the form of shrunken cells and edema in brain cells. The liver cells were affected in the form of rarefaction of the cytoplasm, also kidneys affected in the form of severe congestion and dilatation of the tubules. The testicles affection was in the form of disruption of the spermatogenic cells from the basement membrane.
After withdrawal, the histopathological changes of the organs in sudden withdrawal were better than that of the gradual withdrawal but still showed some remaining effects in the organs. The brain still showed severe fibrosis of the cortical part of the brain and only few cells showed normal appearance. The liver also still showed some vacuolation and dilatation of the venules. The kidney showed large amount of fibrous tissue among the tubules, and the cytoplasm of the tubules was hyalinized and vacuolated. Also the testicles showed irregularity in the basement membrane and dense nuclei, but there was some regeneration in the spermatogenic cells.
In conclusion, the present study revealed the risk factors lead to bango abuse among important groups in the society, students and drivers. It was found that many of these factors can be avoided by increase the knowledge and awareness about the bad effects of this plant. Also the present study demonstrated the bad effects of the bango plant on different organs in animals. It was found that bango abuse lead to severe effects on different organs and this may subsequently lead to apoptosis and fibrosis of the organs and this depend mainly on the dose and duration of administration.