الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The study included three groups of subjects: urban, rural and
Bedouin populations, all were inhabitants of Qalioubyah Governorate.
Each group consisted of 10 randomly chosen non-insulin-dependent
diabetics (type 2). For each patient, three healthy, preferably of young
age, first degree relatives were chosen. All relatives were healthy, nondiabetic
with normal liver and kidney functions.
. All patients and their relatives were subjected to the following:
I-complete history and medical examination.
II-Laboratory investigations:
Were done to all diabetic patients and their relatives
1- Fasting & 2-hours pp. Blood glucose:
2- blood sugar curve
3-Liver function tests - included:
a)-Total serum bilirubin.
b)SGOT & SGPT liver enzymes: was done by colorimetric method using
bromocresol green
4-kidney function tests: Serum creatinine was done by Jaffe method.
5-B-cell function parameters:
A-Plasma insulin level: (Fasting, 30 and 120 minutes).
Was done by radioimmuno-assay (RIA).
B-human C-Peptide level: (Fasting, 30 and 120 minutes).
Was done by radio-immuno-assay (RIA).
6-Hepatic insulin clearance : Was done According to (Haffner et al.,
1992) calculations.
’-Insulin resistance:
Was done by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).
8-Serum lipid profile: (using electrophoresis) :
Total serum cholesterol: was done by enzymatic colorimetric method
with lipid clearing factor.
Total serum triglycerides was done by enzymatic colorimetric method
with lipid clearing factor.
HDL : Was done by determination of cholesterol after precipitation of
chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL.
Results:
The results of our work are presented in tables from (1) to (26) and
in figures from (1) to (26).
Patients and their relatives were chosen with comparable ages and
no significant difference existed.
Sex:
A-Patients :
For all patients groups, there were 12 males and 18 females.
B-Relatives :
49 males and 41 females were examined.
BMI:
A-Patients:
. Statistically significant difference in BMI is noticed ong the 3
studied groupS (urban> rural> desert groups).
B-Relatives :
Non significant difference existed between the three e ic groups.
Liver-function tests:
No statistically significant difference was detected betw en the three
ethnic groups for both patients and relatives regarding S QT, SGPT,
S.bilirubin and S.albumin.
Serum creatinine:
Didn’t show statistically significant differences in both atients and
relatives
regarding serum creatinine.
Lipid profile
~tients:
There are significant increases for all parameters ofli id profile (S.
TG, S.
Cholesterol and HDL-c) : Urban> Rural> Desert.
B-Relatives :
No statistically significant differences were obse ed regarding
same parameters.
Plasma glucose:
There are statistically significant increases in both p ients and
relatives regarding plasma glucose: urban> rural> desert.
0Vs. relatives:Patients
In all samples; there was statistically highly signific t increase of
plasma glucose towards urbanization: urban> rural >dese ethnic group.
Plasma C-Peptide:
There is statistically significant decease In C-p ptide for both
patients and relatives : urban> rural> desert.
Patients Vs. relatives:
Apart from comparison between urban and d sert groups in
samples I & 3 which were not statistically significant, th re is significant
increase of C-peptide: desert> rural> urban.
Hepatic insulin clearance:
Statistically significant increase ofHIC is noticed; esert> rural>
urban in all samples for both patients and their relatives.
Patients Vs. relatives:
Only the comparison between urban and desert gr ups in the third
sample is statistically significant, otherwise, there is no statistically
significant changes ofHIC is noticed.
Serum insulin:
Results are controversial regarding serum insulin Dr both patients
and relatives and no solid rule of statistical significan e is followed;
meanwhile, mean values were relatively higher than norm .
Insulin resistance:
There were statistically significant decreases in in ulin resistance
towards urbanization : desert > rural> urban for both pa ients and their
relatives.
Patients Vs. relatives:
Statistically highly significant differences is notic d between the
three groups and resistance is more towards urbanization.