الفهرس 
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Abstract
The real problem of a interacting particles has, in general, no exact solutions. There are, however, cases in which the interaction of one particle with all others can be replaced, to a good approximation, by an average central field. It is then possible to treat problem by solving, for each particle, the one particle problem in a central field. The description of a system of interacting particles in terms of independent particles moving in a central field is called a shell model. The nuclear shape which is characterized by this potential was spherically symmetric. This is true for nuclei with closed or nearly closed shells. Nuclei in which the last shell is approximately half-filled are characterized by considerable deformations.