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الملخص العربى
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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List of tables
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List of fliIgures
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INTRODUCTION
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
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PATHOGENESIS
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RISK STRATIFICATION
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Etiology ofseverepneumonia
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DIAGNOSIS OF CAP
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Reliability and usefulness ofdifferent diagnostic tests
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Sputum Gram stain
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Legionella urinary antigen
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Gram-negative bacilli
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PATHOGENESIS OF HAP
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RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION OF HAP
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Role of gastric pH
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DIAGNOSIS OF HAP
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Clinical pulmonary infection score
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ACUTE EXACERBATION OF COPD (AECOPD)
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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AECOPD
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RISK FACTORS FOR AECOPD
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PATHOGENESIS OF AECOPD
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BACTERIAL EXACERBA TIONS OF COPD
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COINFECTION IN EXACERBATIONS OF COPD
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DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY
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CARBAPENEMASES IN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
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Plasmid-Encoded Enzymes: KPC and GES
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Overcoming beta-lactamases
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
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Patients
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Materials
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Methods
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RESULTS
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DISCUSSION
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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SUMMARY
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CONCLUSIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
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REFERENCES