الفهرس 
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Abstract
It bGJ~rs green alternate
J.1e~6nv •
ves and loni6-stalked flowers. The ple,nt gives its flowers
Februc,ry and March. The plant propagates by seeds. It
croma~?lo~: The root is a cylindrical, fusiform tappat, 10 to 20 cm. long and about 0.5 to 1.0 Cffi. in diameter
pering lateral roots, leaving the )~imary root at nearly ight angles. The main root and its branch.es carry numerous
ootlet s. Externally , it is ee.rthy bro’-fl1. in colour., with a ough . surf 3.ce. It has a slight odour and is tasteless.
entially elon0;ated , non-lignified cells. Some of the cork cells are -thin-walled but lignified.
qecond~~~~o~tex: Narrow, of a few rows of, subrecctane;ular to polygonal, thin-walled, tansentially elongated
Prime.g_CoFtex : Wide zone of polygonal to subrectanguular, tangentially elongated, parenchymatous cells with innintercellulo.r spaces. Few small simple starch granules, minute prisms of calciUill. oxalc.te as well as masses of
ibrous tr~cheids with simple or ~ordGred pits accompanying the vessels. The fibres are lignified and forill the bulk of
Medull~.r,y Rays : Lignified primary and secondary rays.
Prim~ry bi-and triseriate and 30 cells in height. Secon-
MacromorpholofJ:: :
Erect, woody, profusely monopodi&lly branched, 70 to
3e. The surface, light green in colour, hairy in the
Der part but 6l~brous in the lower part; fr&cture, short tl somev\’::.at fibrous; aromatic odour and bi tcer taste.
cromor~_~:
~)id~r:”is : Polygonal, axially elongated cells, covered ’th thick, SLlooth cuticle. StOllO.to. of the anisocytic type s well as ;l[’~ndular trichomes vlith a uniseriate bicellular art stalk 8.nd a biseriate lllUlticellul’::T head of 4- to 6 ells. Also, nllillerous uniseriate, LLUlticellular nonular trichoiiles of 3 to 8 to 12 cells.
Cortex : narrow, parenchymatous, ~ith 2 to 3 rows of ollenchy.:.aa at the ridges] .starch gre.nules e.l’J.d minutes risms of cc.lcium. oxalate present • Endodermis clear.
’Pericz~le : Parenchymatous with irr0er~upted ring of ignified fibres which are llore developed &t the ridges.
Phloe:l .: n8.rrow, of soft elellleu·GS of sieve tubes, phloem pe.renchYm2. and com.panion cells.
~~EL: mostly secondary ring porous with pitted, lignified vessels accompanied with lignified fibres, traacheids, tracheidal vessels and wood parenchYma. Primary xylem indistinct of spiral and scalQriform vessels; medullary rays mumarous usually biseriate or triseriate, rarely uniseriate.
Pith: Hide, parenchyraatous vvith starch granules, minute calcilliil oxalate.
The Lee,f;
: Alternate, Si!~lple, )Lm.c.cifid, sessile, stipulate, pale green to greenish-brown in colour. Linear, ob-lanceolate, sonewhat rcu1.cinate, entire
apex, Venation re-cic·cllate.
Upper epidermis of polygon2.l cells, with thin smooth
uticle, having sinuated anticlinGl walls; lower epidermis with the u~per in shape and size. Stomata
of the e.nisocytic type on both surfaces but more on the lower; numerous trichomes as those of the stem, of both glandular non-glandular types.
Mesophzll : heterogeneous, isobi.lat.e:3.l with upper and lower palisades, each of 2 to 3 rows of cylindrical cells. Starch and calcium. oxalate are nq”tJ observed.
Qortjcal Tiss~ : parenchymatous with subepidermal collenchyma in the midrib; starch E.nd c2.lcium oxalate are
not observed. The cells contain brovmis:1 amorphous contents of tannin, staining greenish-black with ferric chloride solution.