الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
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Abstract
SUMMARY A total number of 750 camels of both sexes aged between 1.5 to 8 years were investigated in this study. Any abnormal clinical signs were reported and then blood serum collected from camels before slaughtering, (500 camels from Daraw slaughter-house, Aswan governotate and 250 camels from Beni- Addi slaughter-house, Assuit governotate). Post-mortem examination was also carried out for detection of any gross pathological liver affection. Liver specimens were collected from affected liver and kept in neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examinations.
13 camels (8 from Aswan governotate and 5 from Assuit governotate) which clinically and laboratory were in a good clinically condition and free from any post-mortem lesions were kept as control.
Blood serum samples and liver specimens were collected from 69 camels suffered from liver affections. Blood serum samples of diseased and healthy control camels were subjected for laboratory investigations to determine level of total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, glucose, total cholesterol and activity of alanine amino transferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyle transferase (GGT).
Clinical examination of camels before slaughtering in the slaughter-house revealed that some camels showed paleness of the mucous membranes, dullness, general weakness, diarrhea and emaciation. On the other hand there were some camels with post-mortem liver affection without any abnormal clinical signs appeared before slaughtering.
Gross and histopathological findings revealed that the incidence of liver affections were 9.2% from the total examined camels in this study, 12.8% in Assuit governotate while 7.4% in Aswan governotate. The liver affections were calssifed to:
1- 2.4% of total examined camels showed liver cirrhosis ( represent 26.08% from total liver affections).
2- 2.13% of total examined camels showed hepatic hydatidosis (represent 23.18% from total liver affections).
3- 2% of total examined camels showed chronic cholangiohepatitis (represent 21.73% from total liver affections).
4- 1.6% of total examined camels showed hepatic necrosis (represent 17.39% from total liver affections).
5- 1.06% of total examined camels showed hepatic abcescess (represent 11.59% from total liver affections).
Biochemical analysis revealed that :
1- Serum level of total protein , albumin and globulin
There was significant decrease in serum levels of total protein , albumin and globulin in caeses of liver cirrhosis in camels. While there was significant increase in levels of total protein and globulin in cases of hepatic absesses and chronic cholangiohepatitis. But in caeses of hepatic necrosis there was insignificant differance in levels of total protein and globulin than healthy control camels.
2- Total serum cholesterol level
There was significant increase in total cholesterol level in caseas of chronic cholangiohepatitis. While there was signifecant decrease in the other cases of liver affections,and the least level in cases of liver cirrhosis.
3- serum glucose level
There was significant decrease in serum glucose level in cases of liver cirrhosis and chronic cholangiohepatitis. While there was significant increase in cases of hepatic abscess and hepatic hydatidosis. On the other hand there was insignifecant differance in caeses of hepatic necrosis.
4- serum enzymes activity
There was significant increase in serum ALT and GGT in all cases of liver affections in camels. This increase was variable but the highest one was in cases of liver cirrhosis and chronic cholangiohepatitis.
5- serum total bilirubin
There was significant increase in serum total bilirubin level in all cases of liver affection in camels but in variable degree.