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Abstract
Summary
This investigation aimed to study the effect of heavy metals on the animal’s health condition and throw light on the influence on immune statuse through effects on heamogram picture , proteinogram picture and level of ascorbic acid . A total number of 341 ewes aged from 3-5 years old, were chosen in this study, constituted the materials of this investigation . These animals were divided into 8 groups after the clinical examination and according to source of pollution and localities .
1- control group: included 51 sheep from Arab El Matmer, Sahel Saleem, these sheep raring and drinking un contaminated water and grasses. These sheep were proved to be healthy by both clinical and laboratory methods of examination and used as control.
2- Arab El-Madabegh: included 52 sheep raring on polluted grass and water from arab El Madabegh canals which polluted with sewage and sewage by-products.
3- Gahdam: 26 sheep chosen from these area located neer the cement & pertroleum factories and drinking from water polluted with sewage water canal.
4- Gazerat El Akrad: 69 sheep grazing and raring around superphosphate factory .
5- Manqabad: 33 sheep located neer superphosphate factory.
6- Bani Ghalib: 31sheep raring and grazing in industural area.
7- El Walidiya: 39 sheep drinking and grazing from grasses irrigated from water polluted by motor boat traffic & electrical station.
8- El Shader: 40 sheep lived in the car station grazing from grasses and barseem cultivated in these area, beside drinking from canal polluted with industerial effluent, paints of car, old car batteries and insanitary habits of gettins rid of flakes of old lead paint.
Samples were taking from water sources and feedstuff and blood serum samples were collected from each sheep raring and grazing around Localities of pollution.
These samples analused for :-
1- Lead level ---------------ppm
2- Cadmium level----------ppm
3- Fluorine level-----------ppm
In both drinking water for livestock, feedstuff (Barseem and grasses) and blood serum. Anticoagulated blood samples were taking from each sheep in all localities to examin the blood picture including
1- Total erythrocytic count (RBCs) ------x106/mm3.
2- Total leucocytic count (WBCs) -------- x103/mm3.
3- Haemoglobine content (Hb)------------ --g/L.
4- Packed cell volume (P.C.V)---------------%.
5- M.C.V.--------------------------------------fl.
6- McHc--------------------------------------g%.
7- Differential leucocytic count-------------%.
The second samples were obtained without anticoagulant then separation of blood sera and used for biochemical analysis including:
1- Total protein---------------------------------g/L
2- Albumin--------------------------------------g/L
3- Globulin -------------------------------------g/L
4- Serum protein electrophoresis --------------%
5- Ascorbic acid level---------------------------mg%
Our study revealed the results:-
1-water analysis for heavy metals:
High level of heavy metals (lead,cadmium& fluorine) both from small canal and surface water if compared with the permissible limits and control levels for livestock.
2- Grasses analysis for heavy metals:
High levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and fluorine) in examined feedstuff samples in both barseem and grasses if compared with the normal and permissible limits for livestock, in P.P.M.
3- Blood serum levels for heavy metals:-
Highly significant (P<0.01) elevation in the level of heavy metals including lead, cadmium and fluorine in blood sera of sheep raring and grazing on polluted grasses and water from area of pollution if compared with their levels in control group.
4- The clinical signs:
The most important clinical signs of examined sheep were included general signs and specfic signs which different according to the poisoning metal .
General signs :
Grazing sheep were suffered from emaciation, anorexia, pale mucous membrane, dryness and roughness of wool and foul foetid diarrhea in some sheep.
Specific signs:
The clinical signs of Flourosis included dark brown discoloration and mottling of the incisor teeth and bulgging gum, elongation of the hooves protrousion of the hip joint and lameness.
Sheep from area of lead and cadmium pollution showed the most specific signs which included unresponsive to external stimuli, staggering in gait movement in circle, stand their head pressed against a wall and blindness.
Biochemical analysis of blood serum:-
a) Highly significant (P<0.01) decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin in blood serum of all sheep raring and grazing on polluted grasses and water when compared with the control group.
b) The electrophoresis pattern revealed highly significant decrease in protein fraction especially α1 , α2 , β and gama globulin in all sheep grazing and drinking around the area pollution of compared with the control group.
c) Highly significant decrese in vitamine C (Ascorbic acid mg%) in all sheep grazing and drinking in area of pollution when compared with the control group.
Blood Picture:-
a) Highly significant decrease in total erythrocytic count, total leucocytic count, haemoglobin content and packed cell volum in blood of sheep grazing and drinking from polluted grasses and water in all area of pollution when compared with control group.
b) Differential leucocutic count of blood smear revealed Lymphopenia, Neutropenia, mocytosis association with eosinophilia in affected sheep rearing and grazing around contaminated area when compared with the control group were evident.