الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Four field experiments were conducted at Bahtim region during 199011991
and 199211993 seasons and at Nobaria region during 1990/1991 and 1991/1992
seasons, the two regions belong to Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural
Research Center, Egypt. The present work aimed to study the response of some
wheat cultivars to different levels of nitrogen fertilization and application offoliar
in respect of growth characters, yield and its components, chemical content and
technological properties of wheat grains.
Each experiment included 32 treatments which were the combination offour
levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 35, 70 and 105 kg N/fed), four wheat cultivars
(Giza 155, Giza 163, Giza 164 and Sakha 92) and two treatments of foliar
application (without and with foliar application). These treatments were arranged
in split plot design in four replications. Nitrogen levels were randomly distributed
in the main plots. The combination of wheat cultivars and foliar application were
arranged at random in the sub-plots. The area of each sub-plot was 10.5 m2 (3.0 x
3.5 m). Wheat seeds were drilled in rows at 20 em apart. Phosphorus fertilizer was
applied before seeding as calcium superphosphate (15.5% P20S) at a rate of 100
kglfeddan. Nitrogen fertilizer in the form of ammonium nitrate was applied at three
equal doses before the first three irrigations. Application of foliar containing 8%
Zn-EDTA, 2% Mn-EDTA and 3% Fe-EDTA was applied after 30 days and 45
days from planting (500 gm foliar micro EDT Nfeddan and dissolved in 400 liters
of water).
Characters studies:
I. Growth characters
1. Chlorophyll content i.e. ChI. it, b and carotenoids.
2. Plant height (em).
3. Flag leaf area.
IT. Yield and yield components:
1. Peduncle and spike length (em).
2. Grain weight/spike (gm).
3. Number of grains/spike.
4. Number of spikelets/spike.
5. 1ODD-grainweight.
6. Number of’spikes/m-.
7. Grain and straw yield (kg/feddan).
ill. Chemical content
I. Zn, Mn and Fe content in wheat grains.
V. Technological properties
1. Crude protein content %.
2. Protein yield (kg/feddan)
3. Total carbohydrate (ppm)
4. Wet and dry weight of gluten %.
5. Ash content %.
The important results of this study could be summarized asfollows:
A. Effect of N levels
1. Chlorophyll a and b contents in both seasons and carotenoids in the first
season at Bahtim were significantly affected by increasing N level up 105
kg N/feddan, whereas N levels did not show any significant effect on the
above characters at Nobaria region during the two growing seasons.
2. N application significantly affected wheat plant height in the second
--z....-
season at Bahtim and in both seasons at Nobaria region. The highest plant
height was obtained from adding 105 kg N/feddan in both seasons at
Nobaria. On the other hand, plant height at Bahtim region was decreased
by increasing N level.
3. Flag leaf area was not significantly affected by increasing N level at Bahtim
region during the two growing seasons. On the other hand,. flag leaf area
was significantly increased by increasing N level up to 105 and 35 kg
N/feddan in the first and second seasons, respectively at Nobaria region.
4. Peduncle length was not significantly affected by increasing N-Ievel in
both seasons at Bahtim, On the contrary, N-Ievel bad a significant effect
on peduncle length at Nobaria in the two seasons.
5. Nitrogen levels had a significant effect on spike length in one season only
at Bahtim and Nobaria region. Spike length was increased by increasing N
level up to 35 kg N/feddan at Bahtim region and up to 105 kg N/feddan at
Nobaria region.
6. Weight of grains/spike, number of grains/spike and IOOO-grainweight
were not significantly affected by N level in both seasons at the two
regions except in the first season at Bahtim region. Grain weight/spike,
number of grains/spike and 1000-grain weight were significantly
decreased by increasing N level in the first season at Bahtim region.
7. Number of spikelets/spike was decreased at Bahtim and it increased at
Nobaria region by increasing N-Ievel up to 105 kg Nlfeddan.
8. Number of spikes/m- was significantly increased by increasing N level in
the first season at Bahtim region and in the two seasons at Nobaria region.
9. The increase in N level significantly increased grain and straw yieJdlfeddan
in one season at Bahtim region and in the two seasons at Nobaria region.
The maximum grain yieldlfeddan was 2014.28 kg produced from applying
70 kg N/feddan in the first season at Bahtim region. whereas, application
of 105 kg N/feddan gave the highest value of grain yield/feddan which
were 1963.71 and 2022.85 kg in the first and second seasons,
respectively.
10. Zn, Mn and Fe contents in wheat grains were increased by increasing N
level up to 105 kg N/feddan in both seasons at Bahtim region. On the
other hand, application of nitrogen at 35 kg and 70 kg N/feddan gave the
maximum values of zinc content at Nobaria region. Fe content in wheat
grains was decreased by increasing N level up to 105 kg/fed at Nobaria
regIOn.
11. Crude protein percentage in wheat grains was not significantly affected by
N level in both seasons.
12. Protein yield/feddan was significantly affected by N levels in the first
growing season at Bahtim and in both seasons at Nobaria region. The
maximum protein yield/feddan was obtained from 70 kg N/feddan in the
first season at Bahtim and from 105 kg N/feddan in both seasons at
Nobaria region.
13. Nitrogen application had no significant effect on carbohydrate and ash
contents in wheat grains in both seasons at Bahtim and Nobaria regions.
In the second season at Nobaria region, carbohydrate content in wheat
grains was significantly increased by increasing N level up to 35 kg
N/feddan. Also, ash content was significantly increased by increasing N
level up to 70 kg N/feddan in both seasons at Bahtim region.
14. Application of nitrogen at 105 kg N/feddan gave the highest values of wet
and dry gluten % in both seasons at the two regions.
B. Varietal differences
1. Chlorophyll a, band carotenoids contents in the leaves of wheat plants
were significantly affected by wheat cultivars in both seasons at Bahtim
region. Giza 155 and Sakha 92 were superior to the other wheat cultivars
under study in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contents. The differences
between wheat cultivars in the above characters were similar at Bahtim
and Nobaria regions.
2. Giza 155 gave the tallest plants and surpassed all the other studied
cultivars in both seasons at Nobaria region. On the other hand, there was
no remarkable significant differences in plant height among the tested
cultivars at Bahtim region.
3. Giza 164 and Sakha 92 cultivars were superior to the other wheat
cultivars in flag leaf area at the two region.
4. Giza 155 cultivar had the highest peduncle length in both seasons at
Bahtim and Nobaria regions. whereas the lowest peduncle length
obtained from Sakha 92 cultivar.
5. Spike length of Giza 163 and Giza 164 cultivars significantly increased as
compared with Giza 155 and Sakha 92 cultivars in the two growing
seasons.
6. No significant differences were obtained in weight of grains/spike among
the tested wheat cultivars in both seasons at the two region except in the
first season at Bahtim region. Giza 164 cultivar was the best cultivar in
weight of grains/spike.
7. Giza 164 cultivar had the highest number of grains/spike, number of
spikelets/spike and 1000-grain weight . whereas Giza 155 cultivar gave
the lowest number of grains/spike and Sakha 92 had the lowest number of
spikeletslspike and 1000·grain weight.
8. Giza 155 cultivar gave the maximum number of spikes/m- followed by
Giza 163 and Sakha 92 at Bahtim region. On the other hand, number of
spikes/m- of Sakha 92 surpassed significantly Giza 163 and Giza 164
cultivars at Nobaria region.
9. The new wheat cultivars i.e. Salcha 92, Giza 163 and Giza 164 cultivars
produced the maximum grain yield/feddan as compared with Giza 155
cultivars at the two region.
10. The old cultivar i.e. Giza 155 was the first cultivar with the greatest straw
yield/feddan in the second season at Bahtim and in both seasons at
Nobaria region. whereas Giza 163 cultivar outyielded Giza 164 and Giza
155 cultivars in the first season at Bahtim region.
11. Sakha 92 cultivar surpassed the other cultivars under study in Zn, Mn
contents in wheat grains at Bahtim region. whereas Giza 155 cultivar had
the highest values of Zn and Mn content in wheat grains at Nobaria
region. Giza 164 cultivar was the first cultivar with the greatest Fe
content followed by Giza 163 cultivar.
12. Wheat cultivars under study had no significant effect on crude protein
percentage in both seasons at the two regions.
13. Sakha 92 cultivar surpassed significantly the other cultivar in protein
yield/feddan, whereas Giza 164 cultivar gave the highest one in the second
season at Bahtim. Giza 164 and Giza 163 cultivars surpassed significantly
the other cultivars in the first and second seasons, respectively at Noharia
region.
14. Giza 163 cultivar produced the highest values of carbohydrates content at
Bahtim region, whereas Giza 155 cultivar produced the highest one at
Nobaria region.
15. Wheat cultivars were varied in ash, wet and dry gluten contents in wheat
grains in both seasons at the two regions.
c. Effect of foliar application
1. Application of foliar significantly increased chlorophyll a, b and
carotenoids contents as well as plant height and flag leaf area in both
seasons at the two regions except chlorophyll a in the second season at
Nobaria region.
2. Peduncle length, spike length, number of grains/spike, number of
spikelets/spike,. 1ODD-grainweight, number of spikes/m’, grain and straw
yields per feddan were significantly increased by foliar application in the
two seasons at Bahtim and Nobaria regions. whereas, grain weight/spike
was not significantly affected by foliar application in one season at Bahtim
and in both seasons at Nobaria region.
3. Application of foliar increased grain and straw yield/feddan over the
control treatment by 11.05 and 14.21 in the first season and 18.05 and
18.37% in the second season, respectively at Bahtim region.
Corresponding increase in grain and straw yield at Nobaria region were
17.36% and 14.20% in the first season and 12.19%and8.55%inthe
second season, respectively.
4. Application of foliar caused an increase in Zn, Mn and Fe content in
wheat grains in both season at the two regions except in the first season at
Bahtim region, Zn and Mn contents were decreased by application of
foliar.
5. Crude protein %, protein yield/feddan, total carbohydrate, ash content and
the percentage of wet and dry gluten were significantly increased by
application offoliar.
D. Interaction effect
D.a. Interaction effect between N-Ievel and wheat cultivars
1. Chlorophyll a at Bahtim, chlorophyll b at the two regions in both
seasons, carotenoids content at Bahtim region in the second season,
plant height and flag leaf area at Nobaria region in both seasons were
significantly affected by the interaction between N levels and wheat
cultivars.
2. There were a significant differences of peduncle length, spike length,
number of grains/spike, number of spikelets/spike, number of
spikes/m’, grain yield per feddan at the two region and grain
weight/spike due to the interaction effect between N-level and wheat
cultivars. Giza 164 cultivar with applied 70 kg N/feddan produced the
maximum grain yield/feddan at Bahtim region, whereas at Nobaria
region, the maximum grain yield/feddan was obtained from Giza 163
with 105 kg N/feddan.
3. Grain weight/spike and straw yield/feddan were significantly affected
by the interaction between N level and wheat cultivars in one season
only at Bahtim and Nobaria regions, respectively.
4. The interaction effect between N-Ievel and wheat cultivars were
significant on protein content in the second season at Bahtim, protein
yield/feddan in both seasons at Bahtim and Nobaria region,
carbohydrate content in both seasons at Bahtim and ash content in one
season only at the two regions.
D.b. Interaction effect between N-Ievel and foliar application
1. The interaction between N level and foliar application had a significant
effect on peduncle length, spike length and number of grains/spike in
the first season only at Bahtim region.
2. Protein yieldlfeddan in both seasons at Nobaria region and ash content
in the first season at Bahtim region were significantly affected by the
interaction between N level and foliar application.
D,«, Interaction effect between wheat cultivars and foliar application
1. Peduncle length, spike length, grain weight/spike and number of
grains/spike at Bahtim and grain weight per spike at Nobaria region in
one seasons out of two were significantly affected by the interaction
between wheat cultivars and foliar application.
2. Sakha 92 cultivar with application offoliar gave the maximum values
of ash content.
Dsd, Interaction effect between N-Ievel, wheat cultivars and foliar
application
1. The interaction effect between N levels, wheat cultivars and foliar
application were significant on peduncle length, spike length, grain
weight/spike, number of grains/spike, grain yield/feddan and ash
content in wheat grains in one season only at Bahtim region.
2. In general, the new wheat cultivars under study with increasing N level
and application offoliar gave the maximum grain yield/feddan.
E. Correlation coefficient
1. Significant positive correlation was detected between grain yield/feddan
and each of plant height, total chlorophyll, spike length, number of
grains/spike, grain weight/spike, carbohydrate and ash content in wheat
grains at Bahtim region.
2. With regard to Nobaria region, grain yieldJfeddan was positively and high
significantly correlated with plant height, flag leaf area, spike length,
number of spikelets/spike, number of spikes/m”, wet and dry gluten and
protein content.
F. Stability analysis for grain yield
1. The bread wheat cultivar Giza 163 was the best stable cultivar among the
tested cultivars.
2. The other tested cultivars, Giza ISS, Giza 164 and Sakha 92 showed less
stability.