الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 116 |  |  |
| | | from | 116 | | |
Abstract
- 79 -
SUMMARY
Two pot experiments were performed in the green_ house
of the National Research Center, Dokki, Giza in 1991 and 1992 growing
seasons to compare the vegetative growth, yield and seed composition
of some-sunflower varieties grown under different salinity types and
levels.
Each experiment included 15 treatments which were the combinations
of two adapted local sunflower cultivars, i.e., Miak (open pollinated),
Pioneer-6480 (hybrid) and one introduced hybrid variety, i.e.,
Hy-sun 354 (Oustralian) and two types of salts (chloride and sulphate)
applied in three concentrations (0, 2000 and 4000 p.p.rn.).
Tin pots were arranged in ar’andornized complete block system
in 10 replicates. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:-
1. Vegetative growth:
1.1. Effect of varietal differences :-
At 6 weeks from sowing, Hy-sun variety exceeded significantly
the two other tested varieties, Miak and Pioneer as for plant hight,
area of green leaves as well as the dry weight of leaves, stem and
whole plant. Miak variety recorded the lowest values of the above
mentioned growth characters. However Pioneer recorded the highest
values of number of green leaves and dry weight of head/plant.
At 8 and 10 weeks from sowing Miak outgrow significantly
the other two hybrid varieties (Pioneer and Hy-sun) as for all studied
- 80 -
vegetative growth characters. Hy-sun variety seemed to be superior
than the two varieties regarding the dry weight of whole plant, however
the difference between the plant height of both Miak and Hy-sun did
not reach the 5 % level of significance.
1.2. Effect of salinity :
At 6,/8 and 10 weeks after sowing, salinity tended to decrease
significantly aU studied plant growth criteria comparing with control
treatment. With increasing salinity concentration up to 4000 p.p.m.,
the rate of decrease in’:allgrowth criteria were raised either under
chloride or sulphate salinity type at all sampling.
1.3. Effect of interaction between variety and salinity :
The interaction between sunflower varieties and salinity had
singificant negative effect on aU studied growth criteria at all growth
stages, except that number of green leaves at 6 weeks from sowing,
insignificantly decreased.
The maximum dry weight of stem, leaves and whole plant
was obtained when Miak variety plants irrigated with the non-saline
water, whereas the minimum dry weight of the above mentioned criteria
was obtained when Pioneer plants grown under high chloride salinity
concentration (4000 p.p.rn.),
2. Growth parameters :
2.1. Effect of varietal differences :
Hy-sun variety showed the highest NAR value at the period
from 6-& weeks after sowing compared with the other two varieties.
- 81 -
However, the difference between the effect of Hy-sun and Miak varieties
did not reach the 5 % level of significance. No significant difference
was also found between the effect of Miak and Pioneer varieties.
Miak recorded the highest RGR value, however Pioneer and
Hy-sun recorded more or less the same value.
At the period from 8 to 10 weeks after sowing Miak variety
surpassed significantly the other two tested varieties as for NAR and
RGR parameters.
Hy-sun variety exceeded that Pioneer one as for NAR and
RGR parameters, but the difference between them did not reach the
5 % level of significance regarding RGR parameter.
2.2. Effect of salinity:
At 6-8 weeks after sowing, increasing salinity level from
2000 to 4000 p.p.m. caused remarkable decrease in both NAR and
RGR parameters. This result was true whether plants irrigated with
chloride or sulphate type.
At 8-10 weeks after sowing, the low level of salinity (2000
p.p.m.) tended to decrease insignificantly such criteria compared with
control treatment. The opposite results were obtained when plants
grown under 4000 p.p.m, whether in chloride or sulphate media.
2.3. Effect of interaction:
The effect of the interaction between sunflower varieties
and salinity treatments was statistically significant on both NAR and
- 82 -
RGR.
At 6 to 8 weeks from sowing, the maximum NAR and RGR
values were obtained by growing Miak plants under non-saline conditions,
whereas the minimum values of the above mentioned parameters were
obtained by growing plants of the same variety under 4000 p.p.rn,
salphate salinity.
At 8 to 10 weeks after sowing, the maximum NAR and RGR
values were obtained by growing Miak variety under. 4000 p.p.rn, sUlphate
salinity, whereas the minimum NAR value was obtained for Pioneer
variety grown under non-saline water, however the lowest RGR value
was obtained by Hy-sun grown under 2000 p.p.m, chloride salinity.
3. Leaf Characters :
3.1. Effect of varietal differences:
Miak varieties exceeded significantly the other two tested
varieties as for SLA, LAR as weJJ as LWR at aU growth stages, except
at 8 and 10 weeks after sowing the difference between SLA values
of Miak and Pioneer were not statisticaJJy significant. As a general,
leaf character values of Pioneer occupied the second order, however
Hy-sun values were the lowest.
3.2. Effect of salinity :
At 6 weeks after sowing, chloride salinity type was more
depressive for SLA compared with sulphate type whether applied under
2000 or 4000 ·p.p.m. level. At 8 and 10 weeks after sowing chloride
- 83 -
salinity type seemed to be more harmful! under 2000 p.p.rn., nevertheless
sulphate type was more depressive under 4000 p.p.m.
At 6 weeks after sowing sulphate salinity type under both
2000 and 4000 p.p.m, level coused the lowest LAR values.
At both of 8 and 10 weeks after sowing plants grown under
2000 p.p.rn. chloride salinity showed the lowest LAR, however sulphate
type gave the lowest value under 4000 p.p.rn,
Increasing the concentration of chloride salinity in irrigation
water up to 4000 p.p.rn. seemed to be more harmfull on LWR, however
such level did not affect significantly LAR.
3.3. Effect of interaction :
The maximum SLA was obtained under non-saline conditions
for Miak variety at both 6 and 8 weeks, and for Pioneer at 10 weeks
after sowing. However, the maximum LAR was obtained at all sampling
dates by growing Miak variety under non-saline conditions.
Miak gave the maximum LWR under 2000 chloride salinity
at 6 and 10 weeks from sowing and under sulphate salinity at 8 weeks
from sowing.
4. Yield and its components :
4.1. Effect of varietal differences:
Miak variety was significantly superior than those of the
other two tested varieties, i.e., Pioneer and Hy-sun as for head diameter
--_._------
- 84 -
and weight, seed weight/plant, 1000 seed weight as well as oil yield/
plant. The superiority of the tested varieties can be arranged in descending
order as foHows: Miak, Hy-sun then Pioneer. Hy-sun variety
gave the highest shelHng percentage, however neither the difference
between the values recorded by Hy-sun and Miak nor between values
of Miak and Pioneer were significant.
Hy-sun variety recorded the highest protein yield. Miak was
intermediate regarding protein yield, However, Pioneer was the last.
Pioneer variety distinguished with the lowest yield and yield
component values.
4.2. Effect of salinity :
Irrigating sunflower plants with saline water significantly
decreased all yield and yield components criteria compared with control.
The rate of depression in the studied criteria was increased with increasing
salinity concentration. Differences in values of head diameter,
head weight, seed weight/plant as well as 1000 seed weight obtained
from irrigation with 2000 p.p.rn, saline water whether with chloride
or sulphate type were not statistically significant. Neveretheless type
was more depressive on both shelling percentage and oil yield. Irrigation
with normal water gave the highest protein yield value followed by
irrigation with 2000 p.p.rn, chloride salinized water.
4.3. Effect of interactioo:
The interaction between sunflower varieties and salinity treatment
had significant effect on the yield and its components.
------------- ---- -- .._- ---._------ --------
- 85 -
The most promising interaction on oil yield plant was noticed
when Hy-sun plant irrigated with the normal water foJJowed by Miak
grown either under normal water or under 2000 p.p.rn. chloride.
Almost the same protein yield per plant was achieved by
growing Miak plants under 2000 p.p.m. chloride salinized water or
Hy-sun plants under normal water.
Oil content :
Effect of varietal differences :
Seed of Hy-sun variety contained the highest oil percentage
compared with the other two varieties. Oil percentage in pioneer
seeds recorded the lowest value, however Miak was intermediate.
5. Seed constituents :
5.1.
5.1.1.
5.1.2. Effect of salinity :
Irrigating sunflower plants with saline water decreased oil
concentration in seeds depression was raised as salinity level increased
under both types of salinity. Chloride type seemed to be more depressive
than that of sulphate under each level used.
5.1.3. Effect of interaction :
The maximum value of oil concentration was obtained from
seeds of Hy-sun plants irrigated with non-salin water, whereas the
minimum oil content value was recorded from Miak grown under 4000
p.p.m. chloride salinity.
--- -_._--------------------
- 87 -
5.3.2. Effect of salinity :
Salinity depressed both total and non-soluble carbohydrates
content in sunflower seeds comparing to control treatment. The rate
of deperssion was increased as the level of salinity raised under both
types of salinity at the tested levels. Chloride salinity was more depressive
than that of chloride at each tested salinity levels.
On the other hand, salinity tended to increase soluble carbohydrates
than that of control. The increase seemed to be higher with
increasing the rate of salinity up to I~OOO p.p.m. Sulphate salinity type
was more depressive than that of chloride at each tested salinity level.
5.3.3. Effect of interaction:
The maximum values of total carbohydrate was obtained
for Pioneer irrigated with non-saline water, for non-soluble in Hy-sun
at control conditions. However, the highest value in soluble carbohydrate
was obtain from Miak variety grown under 4000 p.p.m. chloride salinity.
6. Minerals content :
6.1. Effect of varietal differences :
The tested sunflower varieties had no remarkable effect
on nitrogen concentration in their seeds, however there is noticed
effect on the total amount of nitrogen due to varietal differences.
Miak variety recorded the highest value followed by Hy-sun, whereas
Pioneer showed the lowest value.
The highest phosphorus concentration value was shown in
both Hy-sun and Pioneer seed tissues, whereas both Miak and Hy-sun
- 88 -
seeds contained the highest absolute amount.
The highest K, Na and Ca concentrations were found in both
Miak and Pioneer seeds. Miak recorded the highest absolute amount.
Seed tissues of both Hy-sun and Pic)neer contained more or less the
same absolute amount.
Ferrous concentration was higher in pioneer seeds whereas
it was the lowest in Miak seeds. HClwever the highest absolute amount
was found in Hy-sun seeds followed by Pioneer then Mlak-
Hy-sun seed tissues contained the highest Mn and Zn concentration
followed by Pioneer then Miak seeds. Hy-sun also recorded the
highest absolute amount of such micro elements. However both Miak
and Pioneer recorded more or less the same values.
6.2. Effect of salinity :
Irrigating sunflower plants with saline water tended to decrease
nitrogen concentration in seed tissues. The depression was higher with
increasing the rate of salinity up to 4000 p.p.m. Chloride salinity type
was more depressive than that of sulphate salinity. Generally, salinity
decreased the concentration of phosphorus except at 2000 p.p.m. chloride
salinity. Also salinity increased the concentration of potassium in
sunflower seeds except at level of 2000 p.p.m. sulphate salinity where
the opposite trend was obtained. Irrigation with chloride saline water
increased sodium concentration than that of sulphate at both tested
levels. No detected trend can be noticed as for calcium concentration.
- 89 -
Salinity increased the concentration of zinc. The rate of
increament was increased with increasing salt concentration up to
2000 p.p.rn. in both salinity type. On the other hand, the opposite
trend was obtained as for Mn.
Under the high level of salinity, whether chloride or sulphate
type used it decreased the total amount of all micro elements studied
except for ferrous. Chloride salinity was more effective than that
of sulphate.
6.3. Effect of the interaction :
The maximum nitrogen concentration was found in Miak seed
tissues of plants grown under normal water. However, the highest
phosphorus concentration value was obtained for Pioneer variety grown
under normal water.
Plants of Pioneer variety grown under 2000 p.p.m. chloride
salinity recorded the highest potassium concentration. However the
highest sodium concentrate was obtained when Pioneer plants grown
under 4000 p.p.rn. chloride salinity. The same variety recorded the
highest calcium concentration under 4000 p.p.m. sulphate salinity.
The highest value of Ferrous concentration was recorded
by Hy-sun plants grown under 4000 p.p.m. sulphate salinity. Hy-sun
seed tissues distinguished with the high concentration of both manganese
and zinc.
- 90 -
At non-saline conditions, seed tissues of Hy-sun variety contained
the highest nitrogen and phosphorus amount (uptake). Miak variety,
generally recorded the highest amount of potassium, sodium and calcium
compared with other varieties.
Plant of Hy-sun variety g.rown under 4000 p.p.m; sulphate
salinity recorded the highest values of both ferrous and zinc uptake.
However, the maximum amount content of manganese was found in
seed tissues of the same variety grown under 2000 p.p.rn, chloride
salinity.