الفهرس 
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Abstract
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SUMMARY
Two field experiments were carried out during 1989
and 1990 seasons, at the Agricultural Research and
Experimental station of the Faculty of Agriculture at
Moshtohor, Kalubia Governorate. The aim of this study to
investigate the effect of nitrogen, zinc fertilization and
farmyard manure on growth, yield and chemical content of
malze.
The soil of the experiments was clay textured with a
pH of 7.90, an organic matter 2.8% and contained 47 ppm N
and 3.6 ppm Zn.
l
Each experiment included 27 treatments which were the
combination of three rates of farmyard manure and nine
fertilization treatments.
Three levels of Zn factors under study were
A- Farmyard manure :
1- Without application.
2- 10 m3 per fed.
)- 20 m3 per fed.
B- Fertilization treatments :
1- without fertilizer.
2- 10 kg ZnS04/fed.
3- 20 kg ZnS04/fed.
4- 45 kg M/fed.
5- 45 kg N + 10 kg ZnSo4/fed.
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6- 45 kg N + 20 kg znso4/fed.
7- 90 kg N/fed.
a- 90 kg N + .10 kg ZnS04/fed.
9- 90 kg N + 20 kg znS04/fed.
The design of the experiments was a split-plot with
four replications. The three farmyard manure treatments
were arranged at random in the main plots and the subplots
were assigned to nine fertilization treatments. The subplot
area was 14.7 m2.
Results could be summarized as follows : ----------_._-----------------------~~
1- Effect of nitrogen : ------------------
1.1- Nitrogen had significant effect on plant height and
stem diameter in the two seasons. Plant height of
maize plants as well as stem diameter significantly
increased as the N-level increased up to a rate of
90 kg/fed.
1.2- Number of leaves/plant, i.e, green, half green and
dry was not significantly affected by Nfertilization.
1.3- Nitrogen showed significant effect on the leaf area
of topmost ear of aaize plants in the two successive
seasons. The leaf area increased significantly as
the nitrogen level increased.
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1. 4- The application of nitrogen
decrease in the percentage of
two successive seasons.
caused significant J’
barren plants in the
1.5- Nitrogen showed significant effect on the number of ,
ears/plant in the both seasons. Number of ears/plant
significantly increased as the N-level increased up
to 90 kg/fed.
1.6- Nitrogen showed significant effect on the ear length c-:
of maize plants in the two successive seasons. Ear
length significantly increased as the N-level
increased up to 90 kg/fed.
1.7- Ear diameter of maize plants significantly increased c:...---
as the N-Ievel increased up to 45 kg/fed in the
first season, and up to 90 kg/fed in the second
season.
1.8- In the both seasons, number of kernels/ear significa-
~
ntly increased as the N-level increased up to 45
kg/fed. A higher level of N (90 kg/fed) did not show
further significant increase.
1.9- Nitrogen showed significant effect an ear weight and
weight of kernels/ear in the two successive seasons. ~
Increasing N-Ievel up to. higher level (90 kg/fed)
siqnificantlyincreased ear weight and kernels
weight/ear.
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1.10- Weight of 100-grain significantly increased as the ~’
N-level increased up to 45 and 90 kg/fed. in the
first and second seasons, respectively.
1.11- Weight of grains/plant significantly increased as ~
the N-level increased up to 90 kg/fed in the two
successive seasons.
1.12- Nitrogen showed significant effect on the grain
yield of maize/fed in the two successive seasons.
The grain yield significantly increased as the
nitrogen level increased. Application of 45 and 90
kg N/fed. significantly increased the grain yield by
46 and 112% in the first season, and by 42 and 110%
in the second season over the control treatment.
1.13- straw yield significantly increased as N-level
increased up to 90 and 45 kg/fed. in the first and
second season, respectively.
1.14- Biological yield of maize plants significantly
increased as the N-level increased up to 90 kg/fed
in the two successive seasons.
1.15- Harvest index significantly increased as N-level
increased in the two successive seasons.
1.16- Application of N increased content of N in ear leaf
at flowering stage as well as grains of maize plants
at harvesting stage. On the other hand, increasing
levels of N decreased Zn-content in both organs of
maize plants.
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1.17- N: Zn ratio in ear leaf and grains of maize plants
increased gradually with increasing N-level. If
concentration of both nutrient approached the
optimum levels of about 2.43% for Nand 28.9 ppm for
Zn of ear leaf, the N : Zn ratio would be 841 which
would seem to be satisfactory for the growth of
maize plant in this respect.
2- Effect of .zinc
2.1- Effect of application of znS04 on plant height and
stem diameter showed seasonal variation. Plant
height and stem diameter significantly increased as
Zn-level increased up to 10 kg znso4/fed in the
second season only.
2.2- Number of leaves/plant significantly increased as
ZnS04 increased up to 20 kg/fed. in the first season
only.
2.3- Leaf area of topmost ear significantly increased with
increasing Zn-level up to 10 kq ZnS04 in the first
season ’only.
2.4- Percentage of barren stalks was reduced by Znapplication.
However, the decrease in the percentage
of barren plants was significant in the second
season only.
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2.5- Soil application of ZnS04 up to 10 kg/fed.
significantly increased the number of ears/plant in
the second season only.
2.6- Application of Zn had no significant effect on the
ear length of maize plants in the two successive
seasons.
2.7- Application of ZnS04 up to 20 kg/fed significantly
increased ear diameter of maize plants in the second
season only.
2.8- Number of grains/ear significantly decreased as the
Zn-level increased up to 10 kg ZnS04 in the first
season only.
2.9- Ear weight significantly increased as the level of
ZnS04”up to 10 kg/fed as soil application in the
second season only.
1.10- weight of kernels/ear significantly increased as
ZnS04 increased up to 10 and 20 kg/fed in the first
and second season, respectively.
2.11- Application of 20 kg zns04/fed significantly
increased the weight of 100 grains as well as weight
of grains/plant in the second season only.
2.12- Soil application of zn significantly increased the
grain yield of maize plants in the two successive
seasons. _Percentage increases of the grain yleid
\
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over the control due to application of 10 and 20 kg
Zn/fed. ’were 8 and 10% in the first season and 21
and 26% in the second season, respectively.
2.13- Application of ZnS04 did not show significant effect
on straw yield and biological yield/fed in the two
successive seasons.
2.14- Harvest index significantly increased by application
of ZnS04 up to 10 kg/fed. in the second season only.
2.15- Application of Zn to maize plants had no clear
effect on N-content in ear leaf as well as grains.
On the contrary, increasing the rate of ZnS04 Zn
content increased in ear leaf and grains.
2.16- Increasing ZnS04 rates resulted in decreasing N Zn
ratio in ear leaf and grains of maize plant.
3- Effect of farmyard-manure : ----------------------~--
3.1- Plant height increased significantly with
application of 10 m3 F.Y.M./fed. compared with
control treatment in the first season only.
3.2- Stem diameter, number of leaves/plant and leaf area
of topmost ear were not significantly affected by
F.Y.M. application in the two successive seasons.
3.3- Percentage of barren stalks, nuaber of ears/plant,
ear weight, number of kernels/ear, weight of kernels
ear, weight of lOO-grain and grain yield/plant were
not significantly affected by application of F.Y.M.
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3.4- Application of F.Y.M. decreased significantly ear
length of maize plants in the second season only. On
the other hand, ear diameter significantly increased
with application of 20 m3 F.Y.M. in the second
season only.
3.5- Application of F.Y.M. had no significant effect on
yields of grains, straw and biological of maize
plants in the two successive seasons.
3.6- Application of F.Y.M. increased N-content in ear
leaf at flowering and grains of maize plants. On the
other hand, F.Y .M. had no effect on Zn-content of
both organs of maize plants.
3.7- Ratio of N : Zn increased with application of F.Y.H.
4- Effect of the interaction : ------------------------- o
The effect of the interactions was not significant on
all growth characters, yield and yield components in both
seasons, except the interaction between N-and Zn-Ievel> on
ear diameter in 1990 season.
,.
v. SUMMARY
The aim of this investigation was to determine the
extent of heterosis and gene action estimates for some
agronomic characters i.e. flowering date, maturity date,
maturity period, plant height, number of branches/plant,
number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 100-seed weight
and seed yield/plant; and shedding percentage (number of
flowers/main stem and ,number of pods/main stem) in faba bean
lines and their hybrids.
Six parental lines namely; N.A.112, Giza 2, Giza 3,
61/536/69, NEB.319 and Sevella gaint representing wide range
of variability in most of the studied traits were utilized.
Crossing among the parental material by means of dial lei
system was initiated at 1988/89 growing season. A half
dialleI set of crosses involving six parental lines were
evaluated in 1989/90 growing season. A randomized complete
block design with four replications was used.
Data were recorded on ten guarded plants rando.ely
sampled froa each plot. Tbe data obtained for each trait
were analysed on ind¥vidual plant aean basis. An ordinary
analysis of variance was firstly perforaed. Heterosis was
computed as mean squares and as the percentage deviation of
Fs mean performance from the aid-parent and better’parent
average values for individual crosses. General and specific
coabining ability estiaates were obtained by eaploying
---------~--_._-----~-----------------------------
95
Griffing’s (1956) diallel cross analysis designated as
method 2 model 1. The genetic parameters described by Hayman
,
was computed according to Crumpaker and Allard (1962).
(1954 a & b) were estimated. The narrow sense heritability
The data were also, subjected to (Wr), (Vr) regression
analysis to determine gene action as described by Jinks
(1954) .
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
Growth and yeiled characteristicS:
1. Highly significant mean squares due to genotypes, parents
and crosses were detected for all traits.
2. Significant parentsvs. crosses aean squares were obtained
for flowering date, .aturitydate, nuaber of branches/plant,
number of pods/plant and seed yield/plant.
3. The five crosses <N.A.112 x 61/536/69, N.A.112 x NEB.319,
Giza 3 x NEB.319, 61/536/69 x NEB.319 and NEB.319 x Sevella
gaint) showed significant negative heterotic effect froa aidparent
for flowering date. For aaturity date, six and five
hybrids showed significant negative heterotic effects froa
aid- and better parents, respectively. The percent heterosis
obtained fro. the cross (NEB.319 x sevella gaint) were
-10.95 and -9.72 aeasured froa aid-and better parent,
respectively. The heterosis froa .id-and better parent was
found to be negative and significant in two crosses (Giza 3
96
x 61/536/69 and Giza 3 x Sevella gaint) for maturity period.
For seed yield per plant, ten and nine hybrids expressed
significant positive heterotic effect relative to mid-and
better parent, respectively. With the exception of hybrids
between N.A.112 and each of other parents all hybrids showed
significant positive heterotic effects for seed yield per
plant.
4. The variance associated with general and specific
combining ability were significant for all traits. With the
exception of number of branches per plant, high gca/sca
ratio largely exceed the unity were obtained for all traits,
indicating that the largest part of the total genetic
variability was a result of additive and additive x additive
types of gene action.
5. The best co.biners were N.A.112 for maturity date,
.aturity period and nu.ber of seeds/pod and Giza 2 for seed
yield per plant, number of pods per plant and number of
branches per plant. Also, the two local varieties Giza 3 and
61/536/69 expressed highly significant positive (g.> for
seed yield/plant and nuaber of pods/plant and gave
significant negative ” for flowering date. NEB. 319 (g.)
gave
significant negative (”g.) for flowering date.
6. The .ost desirable inter- and iint.ra-allellc; interactions
were showed by siX crosses f,r flowerina dat.e~ five crosses
for aaturit;ydate~ seven cro~ for ••••b•er of pods/plant~
_._~_.- --------------------------
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two crosses for number of seeds/pod, four crosses for seed
index and by nine crosses for seed yield/plant •
•..
7. The additive components ”D” reached the significant level
of probability for all traits except for number of
pods/plant. Significant values for dominance components (Ha)
were detected for all traits.
8. the results showed the presence of overdominance for
flowering date, plant height, number of branches per plant
and number of pods per plant and nearly of complete
dominance for the other traits •
•• 9. Significant (h2) values were detected for all the studied
traits. Negative and positive allels were unequally
distributed among the parents for all traits except
flowering date and plant height.
10. High heritability values were detected for maturity
date, maturity period. nu_ber of seeds per pod and lOO-seed
weight. Moderate heritability values were obtained for seed
yield per plant and nu.ber of branches per plant, while, low
,
heritability values were detected for flowering date, plant
height and nu.ber of pods per plant.
11. The correlation between parental aean perfo~nces and
their order of do.inance revealed that, few nuaber of seeds
-----------
98
per pod was dominant over large number. Line 61/536/69
contained the most dominant genes, while, N.A.112 seemed to
be carry the most recessive ones.
For maturity period, maturity date and lOO-seed weight,
the correlation values revealed that
increasers were
dominant over decreasers genes. The parental line 61/536/69
for maturity date and maturity period, and line NEB 319 for
seed index appeared to passess the largest number of
dominant genes. For seed yield/plant, the correlation values
revealed thatthe low seedyieldwas dominantoverthe highone. The
parental line NEB 319 contained the most dominant genes,
while the parental line N.A.112 seems to carry the most
resessive ones for the other traits, no particular trend
could be detected.
Shedding:
12. Significant .ean squares due to genotypes, parents,
hybrids and parents vs. hybrids were detected for the nuaber
of flowers and nuaber of pods per aain ste. and shedding
percentage.
13. Ten and five crosses aho••d a significant positive
heterot.ic eftects relati!»,e the aid- and better
parent, respecti vely for oualler Of flowers/aain stell. Vhf Ie,
the crosses Giza 3. 61~~a, ad REB 319. Sevella gaint ”
.”
eXbibH:ed sipificant pasi-t.veJIII!IItt.erotic effect.s relative to
99
mid and better parent for number of pods/main stem. The
three crosses N.A.112 x Giza 2. N.A.112 x Giza 3 and
61/536/69 x NEB 319 exhibited significant negative heterotic
effects for shedding percentage. Significantly’ positive
correlation coefficient values between mid parent values and
f1 mean performance were obtained for number of flowers and
pods/main stem.
14. The mean squares associated with gca and sca were
significant for the three traits. High values of gca/sca
exceeding unity were detected for flowers and pods per main
stem.
15. The parental line N.A.112 seemsto be the best combiner
for low shedding percentage. followed by Giza 3. The local
lines 61/536/69 and Giza 3 expressed significant desirable
(•gA) for both number of flowers and pods,per main stea. The
excellent agreement between the parental performance and its
(gA> was obtained for the three traits.
16. The highest desirable sea effects were obtained by nine
and three crosses for high nuaber of flowers and pods, and
five crosses for low shed4ina percentage. The crosses
N.A.112 x Giza 2, M.A.l12 x Giza 3 and ~.A.112 x Sevella
gaint exhibited low sheddina percentaae and cross Giza 3 x
61/536/69 gave the hi&heSt sea .f~ects for nu.ber of flowers
and pods per aain st•••
------- --- _.----
lOa
~ A
17. Both additive ”0” and dominance ”H~” components were
significant for the number of flowers and pods per main
stem.
18. studies of nature and degree of dominanee revealed the
overdominance for the three traits.
l< 19. Signifiant ”h2” values were detected for the three
traits. Low heritability values were obtained for the three
traits.
20. The correlation between parental mean performances and
their order of dominance revealed that increasers genes were
dominant over decreasers for number of flowers and shedding
percentages. The parental. line N.A.112 contained the most
dominant genes responsible for the expression of both
traits, however, NEB 319 seemed to ’be.containmost of the
recessive ones. For number of pods per aain stea, the few
number of pods was dominant over high one. Giza 3 contained
the most doainant genes responsible for the expression of
this trait. Meanwhile. N.A.112 seeaed to be carry the aost
recessive ones.