الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The current investigation aims to assessing land utilization of El- Hasainya plain soils to the dominate agricultural exploitation types . The study area lies North — East
of Delta between latitudes 30° 51 and 31° 03- north and
longitudes 31° 57” 36= and 32° 13- 30= east .The most important agricultural exploitation types of the studied area and management have been recognized .
The existing soil mapping units were checked , verified and corrected through diging soil profile pits and making auger holes .Eighteen sites were chosen and profiles were dug to depth of 150 cm. and discribed. Fifty three soil samples representing layers of these profiles were collected. . Physical and chemical
were carried out .
- Soil classification (Taxonomy of soils) :
According to the soil Taxonomy system (USDA ( 1975 and 1999 ) , the soils were of two orders ( Vertisols and Entisols ). The soils were further classified to the family level which was further differentiated to the series level .The identified soil families idenitfied were as follows :
a- Very fine , montmorillonitic , thermic , Halic Endoaquerts (
mapping unit VA1 ) .
125
SUMMARY
It represent the relatively low elevation of the fluviomarine marshes that lies below 1 m. asl. It consists of deep heavy clay soil and represented by 4 soil profiles . The typical p ofile is very dark grayish brown ( moist ) in the surface and dar grey in the subsurface layer ( for bad drainage ) . Soil struc re is weak subangular bolcky in surface to strong medium and coarse angular blocky in subsurface with deep wide surfac cracks and clear slickensides in subsurface . Soil constituents varied as follows : clay: 47.50 — 67.68 %, silt: 14.70 —37.58 % and sand :1.00 — 24. 62 % . Calcium Carbonate: 0.40 — 7.60% with no gypsum . Soluble salts : 0.43 — 1.88% ( w/w related to soil weight ) .
b- Fine , monunorillonnic , thermic ; Halic Endoaqueris ( mapping unit VA2 )
It represents the clay flats of the Fluvio — marine marshes , and located along the southern boundaries of the VA1 unit ,and is represented by 4 soil profiles. Soils are almost similar to the VA 1 unit but with less clay , higher elevation and has the same colour ,with gley phenomena ; firm and sticky consistency ,blocky structure with surface deep crackes and clear slikensides in the subsurface . There were lime segregations in the surface and few gypsum in he subsoil . With exception of one profile , the soil constituents were as follow :
SUMMARY
126
Clay : 45.25 — 57 % silt : 5.25 — 42.95 % and sand : 14.25 —23 .75% . The calcium carbonate : 0. 48- 7.68 % , gypsum nil - 2 .77% , soluble salts 0.67 — 1.61 % .
C- fine , montmorillonitic ;thermic typic Haplotorrerts ( mapping unit : VT).
It represents the old reclaimed soil of the fluvio marine soils ; with a relatively higher elevation and lies generally around 2 m. as 1 and occupies the south western part of the studied area , with craked deep clayey texture and is represented by one profile . Colour is mostly very dark grayish brown in the surface, very dark gray and gleyed in subsurface . The clayey texture is less homogeneous; in the subsoil ; consistency is firm and sticky; with depth ; blocky structure with clear slickensides in the subsurface . Soil constituents vary as follows :
clay: 34.83- 60.20 % ,silt : 17.60- 42.95 % , sand :12. 22-28.70% . calcium carbonate as well as gypsum: 0. 64 — 2 ()/0 , soluble salts : 0.15 — 0.21 % (w/w).
d-Clayey , montmorillonitic , thermic , Vertic Fluvaquents ( mapping unit AV) .
It represents the relatively higher parts of the fluvio —marine clay flats and occupies most of the southern and western parts of the area,and represented by 5 profiles . Colour is mostly very dark grayish brown in surface ,very dark gray in subsurface
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SUMMARY
. *Weak to moderate the subangular and angnlar blocky structure with weak slickensides.Soil constituents were as follows :
clay : 35.63 — 57.18 % , silt : 8.88- 54.05 % , sand 7.72 — 39.82 % ; Calcium carbonate : O. 64 — 3. 44 % , gypsum : n 1— 1.61 souble salts 0.16 — 2.25% (w/w)..
e-Loamy over clayey, mixed , thermic. ; Typic luvaquents ( mapping unit : AT) .
It represents the fluvio — marine cla flats with irregular relief elevation of 1 to 3 m as1 , occupie the middle part of the area and is represented by 4 profiles . C lour is dark gleyed in subsurface Consistency friable to firm d sticky to very sticky with depth . Weak subangular and anOlar blocky structure . Soil constituents are as follows :
clay : 22.55- 61 .68 %, silt 3.25- 46.38 %, sand 20.47-45.47%. calcuim carbonate 0.4 — 2.5 % , gypsum : nil - 0.6$%; soluble salts 0.25 — 0.91 % (w/w).
II —Soil properties :
- Soil salinity EC ( of saturation extract): 3.19- 46.3 dS/m ,
- Soluble cations : Na+ >
Mg ++
> Ca 44
in VA1 and VA2 , but Na+ > Ca ++ > Mg ++ K’ in some of the VA and AT.
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128
-- *Soluble anions : Cl > SO4 >HCO3- except in some soil of VA2 where SO4 dominated .
-- Soil pH was slightly to strongly alkaline : 7.38- 8.53 . -- Organic matter 0.51 — 2.80 % .
CEC : 32.50 — 54 . 70 cmolc/ kg soil , with the high values in VA then VT , while AV and AT soil had lower values .
-- Exchangeable cations in all soils of VA 1 , VA2 and most of AV and AT followed the order : Mg > Ca ++ or Na+ >
. The order
Ca ”
> Mg
> Na > IC was in the old reclaimed
( soils of VT , AT and AV units).
III - Available macro nutrients :
N [( ammonium + nitrate) NI] : 14 — 115 mg / kg soil . The highest values in the surface ; P ( Na — bicarbonate extractable ): 1- 11 mg/ kg ; K (ammonium acetate extractable }: 160 —733 mg/kg .
IV-Available micro nutrients ( DTPA- extractable ) Fe : 5.5-17.6 mg/ Kg decreasing with depth ; Mn : 1.62 — 12.0 mg/ kg ;decreasing with depth ; Cu : 2.3 — 6.8 mg/ kg ; Zn : 0.8 —4.3 mg/kg( mostly between 2 and 3 mg/kg ).
V-Other properties :
SUMMARY
129
-- Bulk density : 1.20 — 1.58 g/ cm3.
Total porosity : 39. 24 — 74.12 %; quickly drainable pores: 3.86 — 16.75% ; slowly drainable pores 0.35- 7.45 %; wat r holding pores 9.32- 24.66% ; fine capillary pores 12.56- 7.87 % ; moisture (w/v): field capacity 19.8 — 42.9 % ,wil ng point : 11:6- 25.9 % , available water 7.45- 17.9% ; Hydraulic conductivity : 0.15 — 4.46 cm/hour .
VI- Mineralogy :
Smectite ( montmorillonite ) was the piedominate mineral followed by kaolinite , then illite (traces) , few palygroskite and traces of inter stratified (traces)
+minerals . Accessory minerals ” Quartz . Feldspars , Dolomite , Gypsum ” (traces and few) ; calcite (traces in subsurface some profiles ).