الفهرس 
Materials and mithodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The area under investigation lies adjacent to Suez Canal from eastern edge and El-Manzala Lake from the northern one, as well as it is bounded by El-Sharkia governorate and Ismaillia city from the west and north rims, respectively. Also, it lies between longitudes 32° 10- to 32° 15- East and latitudes 30° 40- to 31° 10” North. To achieve this work, more than 60 auguring and mini pits were excuted to demarcating, correcting and check the validity and accuracy of the boundaries for the identified physiographic units. Nineteen soil profiles were chosen to represent the different physiographic units in the studied area. The obtained results of the studied soil variables could be discussed in the following:
*Soil salinity varied widely from 0.79 to 165.81 dS in-J, and their values were more related to inherited salts from the original geological formations, intrusion of salty water seepage from El-Manzala Lake and Suez Canal, fluctuation of saline water table in some soil sits, low level elevation and climatic arid conditions.
*Soil pH values ranged from 6.76 to 8.87, and they values were more affected by salinity, exchangeable sodium percentage, gypsum content and siliceous nature.
*Soluble sodium and magnesium were the dominant soluble cations in the soils of young deltaic plain and soils of fluvio-marine, while sodium and calcium were the dominant ones in the other soil units. Whereas, chloride and sulphate represented the dominant soluble anions.
* Soil organic matter content was low and ranged between 0.02 and 3.73 %, may be due to arid conditions. The relatively high content was more related with soils of heavy clayey texture.
* Soil CaCO3 ranged from 0.05 to 25.59 %. The higher content was more related with the presence of shell fragments.
* Soil gypsum content ranged between 0.04 and 56.10 % in the different studied soil profiles. Soil site 11 has the highest content (52.65 and 56.10 %), due to the occurrence of natural.
* Cation exchange capacity ranged between 3.0 and 68.90 me/100 g soil. Its values were correlated positively and significant with each of silt, clay, organic matter and calcium carbonate, and the reverse was true with coarse sand, total
sand and gypsum content.
* Exchangeable sodium percentage varied widely from site to another, as it ranged between 3.07 and 58.92 `)/0 in the different layers of the studied area. Exchangeable calcium percentage ranged between 14.76 and 71.65 %, exchangeable magnesium percentage ranged from 3.39 to 54.93 % and exchangeable potassium percentage ranged from 0.25 to 6.22 %. In general, exchangeable calcium percentage was the dominant exchangeable cation.
* The highest values of CEC and ESP were related to the soils of young deltaic plain and fluvio-marine, which are characterized by high clay and organic matter contents.
* Soil texture tends to be coarse in aeolian, old deltaic terraces, gypsiferous deposits and old sand remmenants, while the reverse is true in young deltaic plain and fluvio-marine. Some
soil profiles appeared alternative pattern or stratification of soil texture, especially in the soil’ aeolio-deltaic plain deposits.
* Soil bulk density ranged from 1.03 to 1.67 g cm-3. Its values were significant and positive correlation with coarse sand and total sand, while appeared an opposite trend with silt, clay, (silt + clay), organic matter, gypsum and calcium carbonate
contents.
* Soil real density ranged from 2.23 to 2.77 g cm-3. It was positive and significant correlation with coarse sand and total sand, while appeared a negative and significant correlation with each of silt, clay, (silt + clay), organic matter, gypsum
content and total carbonate.
* Total porosity varied between 28.69 and 58.94 %. It was positive and significant correlation with silt, clay, (silt + clay), organic matter, total carbonate, salinity and bulk density, and appeared an opposite trend with each of sand, total sand, real density, exchangeable magnesium and exchangeable calcium
+ magnesium.
* Data of soil moisture characteristics could be presented and
discussed as follow:
-Moisture content at field capacity ranged between 28.20 and 48.55 % in clayey soil; 7.23 and 18.53 % in sandy soils.
-Moisture content at welting point ranged from 1.19 to 7.69 % in sandy soils; 17.63 and 34.51 % in clayey soils, Moisture content at available moisture ranged from 12.0 to 21.21 % in clay soils; 5.803 to 9.59 % in coarse soils. Moisture contents at field capacity, welting point and available moisture were positive and significant correlation
with each of clay, silt + clay, organic matter contents, total carbonate and salinity, the reverse was true with each of coarse and total sand and exchangeable calcium and magnesium.
*Pore size distribution of the studied soils showed that macro and meso-pores appeared a positive and significant correlations with coarse and total sand, silt (meso-pores), silt + clay (macro-pores), organic matter (macro-pores), gypsum contents (macro-pores), calcium carbonate contents (meso-pores), salinity (macro-pores), exchangeable calcium, exchangeable calcium + magnesium, bulk density (meso-pores), real density and hydraulic conductivity, while appeared an opposite trend with each of silt (macro-pores), clay, silt + clay (meso-pores), organic matter (meso-pores), calcium carbonate (macro-pores), exchangeable sodium-magnesium percentage.
*The hydration and micro pores appeared a positive and significant correlations with each of silt, clay, silt + clay (hydration-pores), organic matter contents, calcium carbonate contents, exchangeable sodium percentage and salinity. While they exhibited a negative and significant correlations with each of coarse and total sand, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium (hydration pores), exchangeable calcium + magnesium, bulk and real density and hydraulic conductivity.
*Soil hydraulic conductivity values varied from 0.03 to 20.54 cm III., and a negative and significant correlation was occurred with silt, clay, total carbonate, organic matter,
Summary
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exchangeable sodium and magnesium, total porosity and micro pores, while it showed a positive and significant with coarse and total sand, bulk and real density.
The soils under consideration are developed on seven physiographic units, their soils could be classified as follows:
I- Soils of deltaic plain:
- Sodic Haplotorrerts, clayey, Montmorillonitic, deep,
thermic.
- Typic Saletorrerts, clayey, Montmorillonitic, deep, thermic.
- Halle Endoaquerts, clayey, Montmorillonitic, deep, thermic. Soils of old deltaic terraces: - Typic Torriorthants, sandy, siliceous, deep, thermic.
3-Soils of aeolio-lacustrine plain: - Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy over clay, mixed, deep, thermic.
-Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, shallow, thermic.
-Sodic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, deep, thermic.
-Typic Petrogypsids, sandy loam, mixed, shallow, thermic.
4- Soils of fluvio-marine plain:
-Typic torriorethants, clay over sand, mixed, deep, thermic.
- Typic Saletorrerts, clay, Montmorillonitic, deep, thermic.
5- Soils of old sandy remmenants:
-Sodic Haplogypsids, sand over fine loamy, mixed, deep,
thermic.
6- Soils of aeolian plain:
-Typic Torripsamments, siliceous, deep, thermic.
7- Soils of aeolio-deltaic plain:
- Typic Haplogypsids, sandy over clayey, mixed deep, thermic.
Suitability of water for irrigation purposes showed that water sources in the studied area have different categories, i.e., non-restriction, slight to moderate restriction and severe restrictions for Port Said Canal, El-Salam Canal and Bahar El-Bakar drain.
Total contents of iron, manganese, zinc and copper ranged 2158 — 99138, 90 — 1778, 20 — 202 and 9 — 129 mg kg-I soil, respectively. They appeared positive and significant correlations with clay, silt (except total zinc), organic matter (except total iron), cation exchange capacity, total carbonate (except total iron and manganese). The reverse was true with sand. Also, available iron, manganese, zinc and copper ranged 1.52 — 56.05, 0.04 —66.60, 0.28 — 10.36 and 0.20 — 13.26 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. They showed positive and significant correlations with clay (except available zinc), silt (except manganese), organic matter (except available zinc), an opposite trend was recorded with sand. The critical level of trace elements were studied.
According to the applied land evaluation system, majority of soils could be classified as marginal suitable (S3), except soils represented by profiles 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13 and 18, which appeared not suitable with severe limitations can be correct (N1). While soils of profile 11 have severe limitations that can not be correct (N2). For raising the capability potential of these soils, land improvement recommendations can be carried out such as:
a)Application of gypsum requirements, which vary from 5.6 to 17.58 ton/fed in soil: profiles 4, 5, 6 and 12, beside soils of profile 13 that attain natural gypsum formations now a day, these soils are under improvement system. Addition of gypsum requirements should be combined with organic manuring, deep ploughing and improving the drainage condition.
b)Salt affected soils need leaching requirements ranged from 487.20 to 111701.20 m3/fed of water for removal excess of salinity. In addition, removal of soil salinity predicted from hazardous of irrigation water need more water supply ranged 1.10 — 24.30 % for leaching requirements.
c)Trinkler and sprinkler are more suitable irrigation systems for soils have coarse texture, i.e., aeolian plain, aeolio-lacustrine plain, old deltaic terraces and old sandy remmenants units. While surface irrigation is more suitable for another soil units (clay texture) to prevent the intrusion of saline water by lateral seepage from El-Manzala Lake or Suez Canal, as well as removal excess of salinity.
Studying the suitable crops for soils in area under consideration reveal that soils of deltaic plain (profile 4, 5 and 6), aeolio-lacustrine plain, fluvio-marine and aeolian-deltaic deposits haven’t current suitable, but appear potential suitable. Soils of deltaic plain (profile 1, 2 and 3) appear current suitable for barley, cotton, sunflower, alfalfa, wheat, maize, rice and sugar cane (field crops); potato, onion, water melon and pea (vegetables); olive, citrus and tomato (fruits). While the potential suitable for field crops were wheat, cotton, barley, sugar cane,
sunflower, maize, rice, alfalfa, beans and soya, vegetables: potato, onion, green pepper and water melon, and fruits: olive, guava, mango and tomato.
- Soils also, of deltaic plain (profile 4, 5 and 6) appear potential suitable for field crops: wheat, barley, sugar cane, cotton, maize, sunflower, alfalfa, rice, soys and pea, vegetables: green pepper, water melon. Potato and onion, and fruits: olive, guava, tomato, citrus and mango.
-Potential suitable of soils aeolio-lacustrine plain for field crops were sunflower, sugar cane, maize and alfalfa, vegetables: water melon, potato, green pepper and pea, and fruits: guava, olive and citrus.
-The potential suitable of soils fluvio-marine plain for field crops were rice, cotton, barley, wheat, sugar cane, alfalfa, sunflower, maize, pea and soya, vegetables: water melon, potato, green pepper, pea and onion, and fruits: olive, guava, citrus, mango and tomato.
- Potential suitable of soils aeolio-deltaic deposits for field crops were cotton, alfalfa, maize, beans, soya, sunflower and sugar cane, vegetables: water melon, potato, pea and green pepper and fruits: olive, guava, citrus and mango.
- Soils of old deltaic terraces, eolian plain and old sandy remmenants units appear current and potential suitable as follow: soils of old deltaic terraces appear current suitable for field crops: alfalfa, sunflower, cotton, barley, sugar cane, wheat, maize and soya, from vegetables: potato, onion, water melon, pea and green pepper, from fruits: olive, citrus, mango and tomato, while, the potential suitable for field
crops were alfalfa, sunflower, maize, sugar cane, bean, soya, barley, cotton and wheat, vegetables: water melon, onion, potato, pea and green pepper, and fruits: olive, citrus, mango,
tomato and guava.
- Soils of aeolian plain appear current suitable for field crops: alfalfa, cotton, maize, sunflower, pea and barley, from vegetables: onion, water melon, green pepper, pea and potato, and fruits: olive, mango, citrus, guava and tomato, while the potential suitable for field crops were alfalfa, cotton, maize, sunflower, pea, bean, wheat, vegetables: onion, water melon, green pepper, pea, potato and fruits: citrus, mango, olive,
guava and tomato.
- Soils of old sandy remmenants appear current suitable with field crops: maize, cotton, barley, alfalfa, sunflower, soya and wheat, from vegetables: potato, water melon, onion, green pepper and pea, from fruits: olive, mango and guava, while the potential suitable with field crops were sunflower, maize, rice, barley, cotton, alfalfa, soya and wheat, vegetables: water melon, potato and green pepper, and fruits: olive, guava, citrus, mango and tomato.
Consumptive use also an important limitation for selection of crops. So, it is calculated for the most suitable crops, i.e., 2891.8, 4513.5, 6318.9, 3060.5 and 5158.3 m3/fed/season for olive, citrus, mango, guava and alfalfa, respectively; 2551.5, 3183.4, 3159.6, 1228.8, 2149.5, 1419.4 and 1722.7
Lc Al
m3 aecuseason for summer crops cotton, maize, rice, potato, water melon, green pepper and tomato, respectively; 1420.4, 1038.14, 1759.3, 2336.2, 976.4, 6125.0 and 1608.6
1113/fed/season, for winter crops: wheat, barley, sunflower, soya bean, sugar cane and onion in Port Said region.
In Ismaillia region, consumptive use of the studied crops are 3410.6, 6684.8, 3069.5 and 5456.9 m3/fed/season for olive, mango, guava and alfalfa, respectively. As for the summer crops, are 3254.3, 3557.2, 3444.2, 1094.7, 2503.7, 1314.8 and 1597.7 m3/fed/season for cotton maize, rice, potato, water melon, green pepper and tomato, respectively. Concerning the winter crops were 1138.4, 1036.4, 1998.3, 1998.2, 858.5, 6480.2 and 1457.9 m3/fed/season, for wheat, barley, sunflower, soya beans, pea, sugar cane and onion, respectively.