الفهرس 
الباب الاوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
SUMMARY
Despite its relatively low share in acreage and contribution
to a-(g,- ricultural GDP .•medical plants in Egypt repr,~sent a potential
source of income and export earnings. The fact that Egypt is the
closest producer of ce:r-taintypes of plants to the export market of
Europe, and the possibilities to improve bo~h productivity and marketing
patterns is a real asset in this reqard.
Furthermore, as these crops are grown as marginal products in
the crop rotation I with their relatively low requirements for irrigation
whether in rain-fed areas or irrigated land represent another
dimension for expansion particularilY in zones (Jutside the Nile valley
or newly-reclaimed areas.
As raw material for local pharmaceutic~ll industry and ats growing
needs for inputs, and as an input for the E~xtraction industry is a c
further potential for fostering the relative importance of this group of
long-neglected crops.
The present study endeavours to analyze the economies of produc~
\: tion, marketing and exports of the ten major Inedical crops in Egypt,
namely cummin, coriander, anise, caraway, Fennel, Chamomile, Mint,
MarJoram, Henna and Rosell which constitute around 75\ of the average
area ,cultivated with medical plants, during t~he period 1976-1982.
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In doing so, the study tachled issues related to prices, pro--
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cessing and the export policies of these plants at the local and world
markets to shoW the share and potential position of the Egyptian production
in the world market in ordet to- propoSE~ marketing, policies which
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meets development needs. The research comprises Five Chapters,.
The First chapter reviews ptevi.ous studies, The second deals with the
productivity of Some medical plants. The third chapter deals with
the Value and costs of production, local prices, and marketing costs
The Fourth chapter deals with manufacturing and consumption of medical
plants I whereas the Fifth chapter deals with t.ne Egyptian exports of
medical plants, and proposals to maximize their export revenues.
The analysis has showed the E’ollwoing:
1. The average area cultiv~ted with medical plants was 25000 feddans
during the period 1970-1975, represinting no more than 0.23% of
the total;.crop area in A.R.E. which was 10,,9 million feddqns.
2. The average area cultivated with medical plants during the period
1976-1982 reached 38000 feddans, It representing 0.34% of the
total crop area in A.R.E whi¢h was 11.201 million feddans.
3. The annual average value of production folC the medical plants
during the period 1970-1975 was 3.5 million L.E. ’l’hiswas 0.23%
of the total 4gricultura1 production value which reached 1390
million L.E. It also presented 0.42%, 1.88%, 4.83%, 73.78% of the
total value production for crops, vegital)les, Fruits and medical
and arom~tic plants.
4. The average production value for medical plants during the period
1976-1982 was about 11.6 million L.E. at~ut 0.29% of the total agricultural
production value which reached 3990 million L.E.
5. The net income per feddan of the arOJllaticseeds, cummin, coriander,
Anise, caraway, and fennel was 330, 191, 331, 140,76 L.E. It was
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about 145,160,106,1.50,260L.E. for chamomile, Mint, Marjoram,
Henna and Rosell during 1980-19B3.
,he annual average production of oils extracted from medical
plants during the period 1979-1982 was 62.9 Kg. It presented
~.8’of the total production of the extractors which reached
2269.3 Kg. It also presented 8.8% of the tot~a1 prod~ction of the
aroatic oils which reached 717.2 Kg. The annual average of ex ...•
ports value of medical plants under study during the period 1979-
19B2. Was 9 million L.E., it presented 0.46% of the total exports
value which amounted to 1967 million L.E. l:t also presented 7.83%
of the agricultural exports whose value was 115 million L.E. during
the same period. During the period 1981-1983 the total exports of
medical plants was 11.950 tons and its value waS 9.366 mill. L.E.,
the private sector exports were 9304 tons, it presented 77.9% of
the total exports of medical plants and its value was 7.738 mill~on
L.E., which presented 82.6% of total export.s value of medical plants.
The Public sector exported 2646 tons for a value of 1.628 million L.E .•
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This was 22.1% of the total exports and 17.4% of the total value of
medical plants exported.
7. The average exports of medical plants Oils was 5162 Kg. and its value
was 511000 L.E. in 1982/83, the chair of private sector was 99.7% of ~. . r:~
the exported quan tity and 99% of the tot.al exports value. •.’ ’\
Average production of coriander, c.-in, Mint, ChamOlD
ile
,carawa.;
Henna, Anise, Rosell, Marjoram and Fennel in order, were 6078,5123,
2094,1837,1470,842,535,442,362 and 76 tons respectively. They represent
32%, 1.9%, and 0.4% of the producti.on of medical plants A.R.E.,
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which amounts to 18859 tons during the period between 1970-1983.
The percentages of the medical plants, cultivated area in the
!ower, middle and upper Egypt were 4.6%, 45.1% and 50~3% of the
total area cultivated with medical plants in A.R.E. during the
period between 1979-1983. The study has shown chat; there was no
stability in the medical plants I cultivated aze a and that due to
the following factors:
1. The unstable sale prices of these plants in the local and world
markets.
2. The absence of planning policy for producing medical plant in
Egypt. The study has shown that the variations in the productivity
of each medical plant was due to the variations in their
cultivaed area. The analysis has shown that, 83.4%, 99.7%,99.8%,
87.8%, 97.5%, 79% 36.1%, 98.7%, 90.6% and 48.6% of the total
variations in the productiVity of Cariander, Anise, Caraway,
Fennel, Ch”\Jllonhle,Mint,. Marjoram, Henna and Rosell in order,
were due to the variations in the cultivated area of each plant.
The total production of medical plant undert.aken is corrolated
with the cultivated area more than the avera.ge feddan productivity.
The study has shown that the cultivated area is corrolated with
the value of production. The corrolation coefficients for coriander,
Anise, Fennel, Chamomile, Marjoram and Mint were 0.91, 0.88,
0.80, 0.80 and 0.60 respectively. As for CUlIun, Caraway, Henna
and Rosell the corrodation coefficients were 0.23, 0.52, 0.38 and
0.56 respectively~ The study has shown that was a corrolation
between the area ~ultivated of chamomile and coriander with their
farm prices in the preceding year, The corrolation-coefficients u f
were 0.56, 0.51 respectively.
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The study has shown that the average value for the total production
of the medical plants was 8500 thousand L.E •.for the period
1970-1983. The average total value of production of Cummin, Coriander,
C~amomi1e, Caraway, Rosell, Anise, Henna, marjoram, Mint and Fennel
and their value reached about: 3444, 2420, 1206, 45.3, 291, 257, 190,·
142,• 72, 25 thousand L.E. and represent about 40.5~~, 28.6%, 14.2%,5.3%,
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3.4%, 3%,2.2%, 1.7%, 0.8%, .0.3% respectively. ThE~ total revenue per’
fedoan was 345 L.E. for Anise, 289 L.E. for corainder, 213 L.E. for
Caraway, 194L.E. for fennel and 149 for Rosell dWcing the period
1970-1983, b\lt revenue was 415 L.E. for Marjoram during the period
1978-1983.
The study has shown that the farm prices for medical plants had
annual rate of increase 11.1,7.4,4,3.6,3.1,2.6,2.4,2, P.T. per
Kg. for cummin, Anise, chamomile, coriandt:ir, Henna, Marjoram, Caraway
and Fennel. The wholesale prises for medical plants had annual .rate of
increas but 18, 5.5, 12.3, 6.2 P.T. per Kg. For c~~in, coriander,Anise,
Caraway, Fennel and Mint. The seasonal indexes of retail prices QY using
the ratio of moving average method for cummin in Cairo during the period
1975-1982, reached its maximum value during January and its minimum
value during sebtaber. The farm chair of the wholesale price of one Kg. ’i
reached 64.5~, 78%, 69%, 58%, 72.3% and 15% forcwnmin, coriander, Anise,.
Caraway, Fennel, and Mint. It was also found the farm share of the retail
prices for one Kg. 52.3%, 65%, 57%, 48%, and 53.1% .for these plants.
The· share of the farm for the export price for Chamomile, marjoram,
Rosell and Henna were 50.9%, 44.6%, 68.1% and 76.8% respectively. .~
Production of oils from the medicinal plants is done by desti11ation and·
solvent extraction dehydration and packing oil’production weJ;e 26.4,7.8,
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The study has shown that the average value for the total production
of the medical plants was 8500 thousand L.E •.for the period
1970-1983. The average total value of production of Cummin, Coriander,
C~amomile, Caraway, Rosell, Anise, Henna, marjoram, Mint and Fennel
and their value reached about: 3444,2420, 1206, 453,291,257, 190,
• 142, 72, 25 thousand L.E. and represent about 40.5%, 28.6%, 14.2%,5.3%,
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3.4%,3%,2.2%,1.7%,0.8\, ,0.3% respectively. Th~ total revenue per
feddan was 345 L.E. for Anise, 289 L.E. for corainder, 213 L.E. for
Caraway, 194 L.E. for fennel and 149 for Rosell during the period
1970-1983, but revenue was 415 L.E. for Marjoram during the period
1978-1983.
The study has shown that the farm prices for medical plants haq
annual rate of increase 11.1, 7.4, 4, 3.6, 3.1, 2.6, 2.4, 2, P .T. per
Kg. for cummin, Anise, Chamomile, coriander, Henna, Marjoram, Caraway
and Fennel. The wholesale prises for medical plants had annual rate of
increas but 18, 5.5, 12.3, 6.2 P.T. per Kg. For cummin, coriander,Anise,
Caraway, Fennel and Mint. The seasonal indexes of retail prices qy using
the ratio of moving average method for cummin in Cairo during the period
1975-1982, reached its maximum value during January and its minimum
value during sebtaber. The farm chair of the wholesale price of one Kg.
reached 64.5%, 78%, 69%, 58%, 72.3% and 15% forcummin, coriander, Anise,”
Caraway, Fennel, and Mint. It was also found the farm share of the retail
prices for one Kg. 52.3\, 65%, 57%, 48%, and 53.1% for these plants.
The· share of the farm for the export price for Chamomile, marjoram,
Rosell and Henna were 50.9%, 44.6%, 68.1% and 76.8% respectively.
Production of oils from the medicinal plants is done by desti11ation and
solvent extraction dehydration and packing oil production were 26.4,7.8, .
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9.2, 12.3 6.4, 0.756, 0.049 and 0.023 Kg. for marjoram, chamomile
Anise, cummin, caraway, fennel, coriander and Mint.-The domestic
consumption of the medical plants during the period 1970-1983 were
4045,’ 3619, 718, 480 and- 397 tons for Cummine, Coriander, Caraway,
Chamomile, Henna, and Rosell. They represented 79%, 59%, 49%, 42%,
57% and 89.8% of the total production of these plants. The quantitites
mti!dicalplants’ export has increased. They reached 1~.3 thousand tons
in 1983. It was 1.4 thousand tons in 1970. The exports value has increased
from L.E. 698 Thousand in 1970 to L.E. 9.8 million in 1983.
The exports qantities were 2484, 1358, 1.78, 1.67, 931, 911, 434, 362,
and 45 tons of coriander, fennel, cummine, chamomile, caraway, marjoram,
An~se, Henna, Mint and Rosell.
The study indicates that the general trends for the average· of
export prices has increased 67.6, 33, 57.2, 42.4, 27.7, 141, 94.5, 52.7,
35.2 and 87 L.E. for cummin, coriander, Anise, caraway, Fennel,chamomile,
Marjoram, Mint, Henna and Rosell.
The study has shown the importance of private sector role in
exporting of the me~ical plants and their oils. It has exported 77.9%
of the total medical plants exports. It’s value represented 82.6\ of
the total m~dical plants’ exports value during 1981-1983.
The private sectors expor~ of medical plants oils represented
99.7\ of the total medical plants oils and its value-represented 99% of
the total medd.caL plants’ oils, during 1982-1983. The quantity of
exports was corrolated with the cultivated area. The corrolation
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efficient was 0.78, 0.74, 0.69, 0.67 and 0.62 for Marjoram, Coriander,
Mint, Henna and Chamomile. But it was low for cummin, Anise and
caraway.
There is also a corrolation between quantity of exports and .
the production. The corrolation efficients were 0.79, 0.75, and 0.53
for Chamomile, Coriander Henna and Mint in order. They were low for
Cummin, Anis~and Caraway and negative for Rosell.
The study has proved that Egyptian exports of aromatic seeds
reached 8079 tons in 1983, with of 4.5 million L.E.
The linear programing Method was used to maximize the revenves
of exports’ values. It was-suggested three models were used. The
first model maximized exports revenue to 5.3 Million L.E. The rate pf
inc’.rr-,ease was 15.6% The second model maximized export revenue by 5.3
mill: L.E. Its rate of increase was 16.4%. The third model maximized
export value by 5.0 million L.E. the rate of increase was 10.3%.
The A.R.E. exported about 2902 ton of chamomile, Marjoram,
Mint and Rosell in 1983. It’s value was 5.3 mill. L.E. The study has
suggested three models for maximizeing this value. These values were
L.E. 6.9, 6.G.and 6.1 million Egyptian pounds respectively. The rates
of increase were 3l.q%, 23.5% and 15.2•