الفهرس 
المقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Agricultural policy is generally regarded as the most important economic polices, by which, the state or the country, aims at raising the level of the agricultural national income on the one hand. On the other hand, it aims to improving the economic and social conditions for workers of Agricultural Sector, in particular and for the total population, in general. This is done by the group of programs that should be followed by farmers to achieved their desired aims.
Moreover, the financial agricultural polices are considered one of the agricultural polices helping to achieve the desired objectives of the Egyptian agricultural sector. In fact, agricultural financing is the backbone of the Egyptian agricultural activity and it is the chief axis for achieving the economic efficiency for the use of the available agricultural resources.
The nation’s adoption of economic liberation polices, starts a group of structural modifications in the economic, cash or monetary, institutional and legal polices also including the agricultural sector. These have led to intrinsic modification in the agricultural credit policy.
Hence, the study attempts to identify the influence of the policies of economic reform on the agricultural financing in Egypt. it also studies developing of the total of also studies developing of the total of agricultural credits from the period 1982/1983 to 2002/2003. The purpose is determining degrees of
Summary and Recommendations
success and failure for the aims studied by this study. The study falls into four main chapters, in addition to the introduction examining the research problem, aims, methodology, data, as well as, the study arrangement.
The first chapter includes the theoretical framework for some of the economic concept related to agricultural financing. The concept of financing is known as one of the branches of the agricultural economics and it includes rules, bases and theories of supply and demand, distributing the use of monetary resources assigned to meet the agricultural demands. This is done to enhance developing agriculture, improving the farmer’s standard of living, developing the agricultural resources and industrializing the agricultural products.
The second chapter deals with studying analyzing and developing agricultural credits provided by Bank of development and Agricultural Credit (B.D.A.C.), in terms of its total, distribution, according to its kinds and purposes. These credits are provided, in advance, for vegetative plants’ production; others for investments, in addition to their geographical distribution during the period 92/1993-2002/2003 which is compared with the period 82/1983-91/1992.
This means that the period pre and post (before and after) applying the policy of economic reform in the agricultural sector, in general, and the agricultural finance sector, in particular. Our purpose is realizing the extent of the influence on the different kinds of agriculture credits due to the changes brought about by the policy of economic reform. It is found that the total value of credit obtained by the farmers has notably increased during the 2
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periods under study. It increases from 2378.46 million pounds of the 1S` period to about 8590.59 million L.E. pounds for the 2”d period. The ratio of increase is about 261.2%.
It is found that during the period (82/1983-91/1992),
the period, before applying the real policy of economic reform, in the agricultural.
Financing sector, the total value of agricultural credits, given to farmers tends generally, to have an annual increase about 427.74 million L.E. This equals 18% of the total average of the value of agricultural credits given during the lg period, which was about 2378.46 million L.E. This is statistically significant.
The relative importance of plant-production credit is about 34.6%; the average of the lm period; and about 31.9% the average of the 2”d period; out of the total credits given by B.D.A.C.
These credits are either materially presented (seeds, fertilizers and pesticides), or cash (credits for service and harvesting resistance credits).
In the light of the economic reform policy, the credit policy operates to reduce material credits and increasing cash ones, during the 2 periods of the study. It was about 47.8% the average of the 1st period, and about 8.6% the average of the 2”d period. This was out of the total of the plant production credits. But cash credit is about 2.2%, 91.4% out of the credit of plant production of the 2 periods of the study, respectively.
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The third chapter includes two parts or sections. The first part includes the field study in the Western Governorate; this is chosen according to the bases and standards represented in its relative importance, concerning the total of credit given by B.D.A.0 in the latest 3 years. This governorate of the lower Egypt, in the present time, the bank of the Western governorate, is the Integrative Bank ”The headquarter”. Moreover, the 2 banks of Menoufia Governorate and Kafr El-Sheikh are its branches. Both El-Mahalla El-Kobra and Tanta were chosen since they represent well the Western Governorate. This is true concerning ratio of credit, numbers of benefitters for these credit. Tanta region or center represents 15.6% of the value of plant credit, but El-Mahalla El-Kobra’s region is about 16.3% out the value of plant credit. The investment credit at Tanta center was about 14.2% and 20% for El-Mahalla El-Kobra.
It is found that about 96% of the study subjects are male and 4% are female. This is due to eastern habits and traditions existing in the rural sector, especially in the field of credit and dealing with the different organization of credit. It is found that 22% of the study subjects, have an age less than 40 years, and about 61%, their age is 40-less than 60 years old. The remaining study subjects have an age above 60 years and form about 17%. The study reveals that the educational level of the study subjects is about 33% illiterate 21% less than middle or secondary education; and 17% have the University degree. Moreover, 35% of the study subjects belong to the first holding type; less than 3 feddans, and 27 belong to the 2”d holding-type, i.e. less than 5 feddans’ and about 23% belong to the 3’d holding-type; less than
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10 feddans, whose ratio is about 15%. It is obvious that most of the study subjects own the land their cultivate and those are about 71%, 18% own a part of their holdings and depend on share-cropping in the other part, they are about 6%. It becomes obvious from the present economic changes in the agricultural sector the dominant holding of the study’s subjects is the firsy and second types and the dominant holding is possession or property. With deals with distributing the study’s subjects according to the type of credit. It is found that about 56% obtained plant production credit. Meanwhile, those obtaining investment credit are about 11%, and about 11% of the study subjects got plant production credit, investment credit, or the shared which is about equal. It is found that holders of small holdings are the largest in getting investment credit.
It is found that distributing credit according to crops, that is the first crop, since the ratio of creditors for cotton is about 61.2%, out of the total of credit obtained for plant production. Most of creditor are from El-Mahalla. The second crop is corn and wheat; the significant ratio is about 37.3%, 34.3% respectively. The 3rd crop is potatoes about 19.4% and fourth clover; about 13.5%, Citrus gets the smallest plant=production credit, about 4.5%, this ratio is centralized at Tanta.
It is found from the study sample, that sources of personal financing for plant-production credits made by farmers, that if the credit is insufficient, about 52% of the study subjects obtain plant-production credits and complete their financial needs from the income obtained from other sources, not from agriculture (profession, job, trade . . . ). Those are centralized at El-Mahalla
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El-Kobra region. The other source for them is the previous investments or the agriculture income, whose relative importance is about 43% and 33%, respectively.
The two part deals with the view of the study subjects concerning some issues and variables of agriculture credit’s policy, in the light of the policy of free economy (economics). Their answer for questions and inquires were recorded and included in the questionnaire forms. These includes the most important sources of agriculture activity credit, which farmers restart to. It is found that about 40% out the study subjects regard the specialized banks in the agriculture credit, their first source for obtaining their agriculture credit, to finance their agricultural production. The second important source is the investments of the study subjects whose ratio is about 20%. Third comes asking the help of their family or relative; namely, about 13%. But 7% of the study subjects prefer selling apart of their properties to finance their necessary agricultural activities. However, about 2-3% of these prefer commercial B and/or crop traders (dealers), or the machines/demands of production as a source financing their agricultural demands. Thus, it becomes obvious that banks of B.D.A.C. comes first compared with other different financing sources.
Persons of the study subjects face some hardships on getting agricultural credit. This is very important for decision makers who should be aware of that, on planning credit polices to overcome these hardships. A ratio about 26% of the study subjects see that the most important problems and hardships are not scheduling debts, in case of their inability to pay their debts.
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This is the foremost case. About 25% of the study subjects complain of the slow process in getting their credits. But about 225 of the study subjects see that the problem of getting cash or its lack from the bank and it brances is their main problem.
About 11-14% of the study subjects face the problem of finding another financer for assuring repaying their credit, and the inequality between small and great holders, on obtaining credit.
The fourth chapter deals with the influence of the polices of economic reforms on agricultural credit. It includes this influence on the total of agricultural credit, in general, and total credit for plant production and investing credit; as the influence of economic reform policy on the total investing credits, short-term, middle-term and long-term ones. It also includes their influence on the credits given for some activities, for example, animal-breeding credit, poultry credit, Ichthyo or fishery-wealth credit, reclaiming and cultivating credit and credit of cultivating gardens or Horticultures.
The result of the real practice of the polices of economic reform in the agricultural finance sector, and the study of the significant difference between the average total of agriculture credits during the 2 periods of the study (82/1983-91/1992), (92/1993-2002/2003), shows that these differences are statistically significant and emphatic. This leads to the positive influence of the policy of economic reform, on the total of agricultural credits given during the 2 periods of the study.
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Studying the influence of economic-reform policies on some activities such as credit for animal-wealth, it is found that there are significant differences. This confirms its effect, i.e., Animal-Wealth credit, during the 2 periods of the study (82/1983-2002/2003). There are no significant differences for the significant difference between the 2 averages given for the poultry-wealth during the 2 periods of the study. Moreover, the economic-reform policy has no influence on the total credit given for fish wealth or farm during the 2 periods of the study. Also, there no influence of the economic-reform policy on credit given for reclaiming and cultivating lands (soils) during the 2 periods of the study.
Credits given for agricultural mechanization show significant differences between the total of credit given for mechanizing agricultural during the 2 periods of the study. This points out to the effect of economic-reform policy on the total of credit given for mechanic agricultural and those given for setting up gardens (Horticulture) during the 2 periods of the study (82/1983-2002/2003).
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RECOMMENDATION
The study is concluded with the group of ”recommendations”, which be put into consideration. The most important of them are the following:
1-The necessity of adopting an agricultural financing policy having definite factor and looking for providing the necessary finance to achieved the targeted aims and promoting the efforts of the agricultural development.
2-Reconsidering the policy of credits of the B.D.A.C. which increase presenting short-term credits, without giving middle-term, not long-term ones.
3-Facilitating for farmers the administrative steps (procedures) on demanding and obtaining credits from B.D.A.C.
4-The necessity of the reconsidering the present system for the agricultural credit and the necessity providing enough cash credits, in addition to material-ones.
5-The specialized organization should continuously follow up the credit given to their client to ensure spending them for the aims of giving the credits.
6-An allowance period should be given by the bank to enable farmers or clients to make well use of credits in its definite purpose, and to ensure real repaying out of the soil-production or out of the project’s profits. This ensure not repeating or altering credits.
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7-The importance of providing well-trained and experienced administrative staff, that improves dealing with farmers (growers, peasants) and maximize their interests. Moreover, this staff will greatly gain the confidence of clients of the village’s banks.
8-Ensuring setting up the village’s bank at a proper place which enables the farmer to deal easily with this bank during obtaining his credit.
9-The necessity of reducing commission and fees added to the credits, to decrease the additional duties required from
the creditor.
10-Equality between small and large clients with the organization of the credit and making demands for obtaining credits easy.
11- Diffusing sufficient and necessary awareness and propaganda, among the villages, to maximize self-financing in the agricultural sector, due to the insufficient credits given by the bank.
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