الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The year incidence of theilerial infection in New Valley governorate decreased steadily from 1990 to 1995. Seasonally the highest infection rate was in summer months, the lowest rate in winter and moderate in autumn and spring.
Exainination of ticks collected from cattle in New Valley revealed the presence of Hyalamma anatolicum excavatum.
Histopathological examination of tick revealed the presence of theilerial bodies in the form of comma or rod shaped piroplasms and round chromatin dots surrounded by hallow were found intracytoplasmically in the columnar cells of the tick diverticulae.
In acute theileriasis: Temperature was ranged from 39.5 - 40.6 C , the eyes showed conjunctival congestion, tearing mucopurulent discharge and corneal opacity ending in blindness. Swelling of superficial lymph nodes started 3 or 4 days from fever, in lymph nodes regional to tick localization or in diffuse manner with diffuse tick infestation and advancement of fever.
The morbidity rate in examined 20 Crossbred calves reach 100 % and there was no mortality . The survey record of morbidity in different stations revealed 90 % morbidity. The mortality in our Crossbred calves in general was of sporadic incidence i.e. cases whiiiid not received treatment. The mortality was especially high reaching 52.1 % in pure Friesian calves.
- Survey of lymph nodes from slaughter house, animals infected with theileria demonstrated their congestion, oedema and haemorrbages. A fact that mediated to certain extent in the swelling of lymph nodes beside hyperplasia.
The quantitative estimation of total RBCs count and Hb content demonstrated that theileria caused severe degree of anaemia. The total RBCs decreased from 6.03 to 3.78 and 3.08 in both infected groups respectively. The Hb content decreased from 11.15 to 4.9 and 5.4 gin! 100 ml blood in both groups.
Theilerial anaemia in our material was reflected morphologically poilcilocytosis; echinocytes; stomato-cytes; anisocytosis and polychromacia.
The total WBCs count in 20 Crossbred calves in our material showed leucopenia 6.96 to 5.22 and 5.6 GIl in infected groups.
The differential leucocytic count of theileria infected calves demonstrated two contrasting changes within the frame of leucopenia. The first change was increase in total number of lymphocyte and monocytes. the contrasting changes was a decrease in neutrophils and eosinophils.
Lymphocytosis and monocytosis were hyperpistic reactions to the presence of the schizogony stages in these cells. The morphological investigation of blood smears had demonstrated the presence of either microschizonts or macroschizonts or both in these cells. The presence of parasite in these cells is a part of its life cycle. These two cells were stimulated to proliferate as defensive mechanism in cell mediated immunity directed towards the parasite.
Buparvaquone was more efficient in treatment of theileriasis than primaquine phosphate: Both drugs succeed to control fever but lymph nodes became painless after 24 hours from the first dose of butalex and 24 hours from the 3rd dose of primaquine phosphate. The swellings of lymph nodes nearly subsided one week from the 2nd dose of butalex and through 3 weeks from the 1st dose of primiquine phosphate. The vitality of treated animal was completely restored to normal through nearly one month from butalex treatment but never restored to normal with primaquine phosphate treatment, the animals were still weak and anaemic, butalex slightly corrected the picture of anaemia as total RBCs count and Hb % was corrected but not to normal level. Primquine had no effect on anaemia. Butalex had corrected leucopenia nearly to normal while primaquine was poorly effective. Butalex had restored the differential count picture to normal, the lymphocytosis and monocytosis were normalized and the neutropenia and eosinopenia were raised to normal level. Primaquine corrected only monocytosis to normal but it did not influence lymphocytosis and with slight modification to neutropenia and eosinopenia.
The ten sampled animals from tick infested sheep were symptomless but the haematological examination demonstrated the presence of piroplasms in erythrocytes and schizogony in lymphocytes and monocytes. These animals were mildly anaemic as total RBCs were 5.66 (control 7.13 TI!) and the Hb content was 7.15 gin! 100 ml blood (control 10.42 gmJlOO ml.). Within the frame of mild degree of leucopema 6.9 (control 10.10) there was hyperplastic lymphocytosis 58.7 (53.5 control) and double fold monocytosis 7.9 (3.5 control). Similar to the picture of cattle there was neutropenia 26.7 (35.2 control) and severe eoinopenia 1.9 (7.6 control).
The ten sampled animals from tick infected camels were symptomless but the haernatological examination demonstrated the presence of piroplasm in the erythrocytes and schizogony in lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. This animals were suffered from slight degree of anaemia, total RBCs, decreased from 7.21 to 6.2 T/l and Hb decreased from 8.63 to 6.78 gm/ 100 ml blood. Within the frame of mild degree of leucopenia 7.55 (10.15 control), there was hyperplastic lymphocytosis 42.7 (39.8 control) and hyperplastic eosinophilia from 5.8 to 14.3. Vice versa to the differential count of cattle and sheep the monocytes decreased from 4.8 to 2.9. There was neutropenia from 49.5 to 40.1.
Surveying the morphology of blood picture in theileriasis in New Valley resulted in different forms of piroplasm arranged according to the frequency of prevalency as follow: Round, oval, rod, ring and comma forms. The binary fission was observed in our result.
In our material we observed the presence of macro and microsehizont or both in lymphocytes and monocytes. The presence of figures of binary fission in our material together with the presence of both forms of macro and microschizont in the same cell; in our opinion, these are stages in same process of division. The presence of schizogony has two effects: The 1st was hyperplastic effect on lymphocytes and monocytes evidenced by the presence of large number of lymphoblast, prolymphocytes and dividing lymphocytes, some of these cells were carrying the schizont. The same fact was true for monoblast promonocytes and monocytes. The 2nd effect was vaculative degeneration and necrobiotic changes observed in lymphocytes and monocytes with different forms of schizogony in these degenerated cell. The vaculative degeneration and necrobiotic changes were associated with merozoite release.
All forms of piroplasms in sheep were present like those of cattle with exception that rod forms were more predominant.
Morphologically , the anemia in sheep was of very slight degree as evidenced by the few number and the peculiar forms of echinocyte carrying only one spine. Macro and microschizont or both were found in the lymphocytes and monocytes. Differential from cattle was the fact that “the nuclei of macro and microschizont were elliptical in shape and usually but not always have a fan like arrangement”. The percent of parasitism in lymphocytes was higher than monocytes. The hyperplastic and necrobiotic effect of the presence of schizogony were of the same magnitude as that of cattle.
The piroplasms in camel erythrocytes were sporadic. the comma and rod forms were the most predominent forms. the morphology of blood picture was more or less normal except sporadic incidence of echinocytes. Vice versa, the degree of infestation of the lymphocytes and monocytes with schizogony stage was high although it was higher in monocytes than lymphocytes. The morphology of schizogony was similar to that of cattle. Peculiar to camel was the presence of schizont in eosinophils. The hyperplasstic and necrobiotic changQs of lymphocytes and monocytes were evident. The eosinophils showed only shift to left probably as unmaturation index.
In lymph nodes sections, Giemsa stain demonstrated the presence of piroplasms, micro and macroschizont in lymphocytes and macrophages of the follicles, paracortical and medullary zones with exception of medullary macrophages in 19 cases examined. The histopathological picture demonstrated follicular hyperplasia in 8 cases and follicular exhaustion in 7 cases. The paracortical hyperplasia was demonstrated in 3 cases only beside the presence of hyperplastic follicles. The macrophagal reaction was mainly sinus macrophages at corticomedullaiy junction or diffusely all over the medullary sinuses . Follicular macrophages were active only on one case.
Similar to the blood lymphocytes and monocytes, the life cycle of theileria starting with penetration of sporozoites to lymphocytes, formation and presence of micro and macro schizont or both in lymphocytes and macrophages in different zones in lymph nodes and ending by release of free piroplasms in lymphatic capillaries was demonstrated.
We designed an experiment in Guinea pig to prove the presence of IgE in serum of cattle subclinically infected by theileria. 0.05 ml serum from infected cattle over 5 months initiated wheel and flare reaction through 20-60 minutes when 15 mI/kg b.w theilerial antigen was injected I/V, after 48 hours from serum injection (to be sure that the IgG has been completely destroyed).
Histopathologically, the skin reaction was manifested in different degrees: hyperaemia, oedema and haemorrhages were a mild degree. Moderate degree was considered with the presence of eosinophilic and mast cell infiltration diffusely through the dermis and even invading the epidermis, the blood vessels suffered fibrinoid swelling and necrobiosis. The severest degree was manifested by thrombosis of subcutaneous veins and infarction of the above dermis and epidermis with a line of exudative reaction mainly formed of eosinophils and neutrophils. The vascular phenomenon together with the infarction and eosinophilic and mast cell infiltration were manifestation of type one hypersensitivity reaction.
Application of PCA test to 8 adult cattle was used to caliberate doses and action for field diagnosis. Calibration of doses resulted in the fact that 72 mg theilerial antigen per adult animal gave the best skin reaction without general anaphylactic shock. The histopathology that the type of skin reaction was type one immediate hypersensitivity Our work administrates for the first time simple field method for rapid diagnosis of carriers animals and natural reservoir animals for theileriasis.