الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Imports and exports during the last thirty years,
show that agricultural exports have decreased gradually.
Agricultural exports have decreased from 92% of the aggregate
exports in 1952, to 26% in 1983. On the other hand.
Agricultural imports have increased from 26.2% in 1952 to
S’l..6’,’~ or the cHJ(Jrcqlllu imporLs ill the 1980. International
exchange rates of agricultural products have decreased
from 34 in the year 1953 to only in 1980. from the profit
point of view the balance of trade achieved about 9.41
million pounds while it achieved a loss of 13.1 million pounds
in 1952 _ 1983. Also by studying the geographical distribution
for the egyptian exports, Western Europe comes first,
followed by Asia and finally Eastern Europe. Their shares
represent about 39% , 22% and 17% from the aggreate Exports
in 1983 respectively.
As for the egyptian imports Western Europe comes first,
followed by north and south America and Finally Eastern
Europe. Their shares represent about 45%, 19% and 15% from
the aggregate imports in 1983, respectively. The most
important export crops are rice and sugar which represent
about 10% and 20% of total exports. Totally manufactured
products, followed by orange, Potatoes, onios, Peanuts,
Garlic, Water-melon and Tomatoes as raw exports were about
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28% • 18% , 5% , 4% , 3% , 3% , and 2% respectively of total
rllw exports during the period 1979 - 1983.
Ille 8Luuy showS that increase in production of these
l’,pods c rup s is mainly due to the increase in planted a rea
fAther than the increase in average productIvity per feddan.
Au luI’ the import products, the increase in production was
dIll’ t u llH’fl’f\lH’ in produdivity lor nessme it was mainly
due to increase in area.
The nnnlyni~ of locnl per capita demand functions for
the previous export products shows that income elasticity
were about ( _ 0.1 ), (1), (0.1), (0.1), (0.3), (0.8),
l-U.’L), (0.2) f o r r i ce , suqu r , o1’on9c• Potatoes onions,
pCflnlllR
, garlic. water-melon and tomatoes re pectively.
Price elasticity was estimated. Estimates were (-0.1)~
(-U.27), (-0.24), (-O.2~), (-0,12) for rice, sugar, onions,
ljnrlic and tomatoes respectively, during the period
(1973 _ 1983) under the assumption of the statusquo.
The annual local per capita demand function for the
previous imported products were estimated. The coefficients
of price elasticity •.e•r•e (-O,Z), (-0.4), (-0.09), (-0.1)
and (-3.4) for wheat, wheat flour, maize, sesame and tea
respectively. As for income elasticity it was (0.46),
(0.14), (0.02), (-1.1) and (-3.4) for the previous products
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respectively, during the period (1973 - 1983), under the
uuuumplion of slatusquo. lhe study of relations between
•’ II pill’ 1 l v 0 f pro d IJ C tin n 1111d I’ a p n c i t Y nrc o n SLIlli P tin n r o r I h P
prcvioun imported nnd exported products for the years
(1990 _ 2000), shows that rice, potatoes, water-m~lon,
sesame and maize achieve a surplus about (20), (342), (107)
(13), (261) in thousand tons respectively in the year (1990)
but in the year (2000) potatoes, water-melon, sesame and
maize achieve (145), (379), (15) and (229) in thousand tons
reapectively.
Estimation of relations between capacity of production
and capacity of consumption for wheat, sugar, tomatoes,
orange, onions, peanuts and garlic shows a deficIt of about
(10648), (1485), (549), (133), (three), (one), and (eIght)
thousand tons respectively in the year (1990). In the’ year
(2000) the deficit in the previous products will be (18789),
(2746), (1619), (586), (163), (seven), (52) thousand tons
respectively.
The international trade of export products is influenced
by export price tinse, total quantity produced in the
same year and quantity available for local consumption.
The most important markets for rice were, czechoslovakia,
USSR, and London. Their shares were about 11.2% , 9% &
8.8% respectively, from the total quantity exported of rice
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during the period (1979 - 1983).
Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and Morocco were the main
markets to which Egyptian sugar cane was exported. Their
shares were about 58%, 18%, 16%, respectively from the
total quantity exported of sugar cane during the same period.
Study shoWS also that Britain, West Germany and Holland
were the main markets for Egyptian onions, Their shares
were about 41%, 23%, and 15% repectively from the total
quantity exported of onions during the same period. Britain,
USSR and West Germany were the principal markets for Egyptian
garlic. lheir shares were about 33%. 19% and 12% respectively
Irum tile t n t a ] quunt i t v exporled during the same period.
USSR market was the highest market in terms of i~s
imports from Egyptian orange (50%) followed by Saudi Arabia
(25%) and Yemen (9%) from the total quantity exported
during the same period.
The most important markets for potatoes were Britain,
Lebanon and France. The shares were (16%). (6%) and (5%)
respectively from the total quantity exported during the
same period.
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Ilullulld WCi!:i ltle l1iylwuL mu r k e L in Lerllu uf ibJ impul’ln
, I’ \ 1111 I” ’ 1\ 11\I l H l II ~;,) , II \ \ II W•• d b Y II’ n II (’ e (l) ~~) t l’ U III l’ w L 0 L a 1
I l~ ban 0 It, 5 a u d i 1\r a b j a H n d K1IW a i t w ere l hem a i n ma r k e t s
for [rlYrtian water-melon. Their shares were (34%), (26%)
and (26%) respectively from the total qunatity exported
during the same period.
Study shows also that Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Lebanon
were the main markets for Egyptian tomatoes. Their shares
were about (60%), (32%) and (9%) respectively during the
same period.
Study shows that not only international prices were the
determining factor of quantity imported of wheat, wheat
flour, maize, tea and sesame but also quantity available for
local consumptions. U.S.A., Australia and France were the
main exporting countries of wheat to Egypt. Their shares
we rea b0u t (3 9~o), (2O?~) and (1 4%) I’ espec t iv ely for the
same period. U.S.A., France and Italy were the main markets
from which Egypt imported wheat flour. Their shares were
nh0 u t (4 B?”), (Z 9~,,) and (5?••) I’ espee t ivel y for the saIII e
period. Also U.S.A. was the main market for the Egyptian
imported maize. Its share was about (91%) for the same
period.
Study shows also Srilanka, India and kenya were the
main exporting countries of tes to Egypt. Their shares were
n IJ0 II 1 (3 9~~). (2 4 ~.;)n n d (9 ?:.) res p Bet ivel y d uri n q the sam e
period.
Sudan and Mexico were the main exporting countries of
sesame to Egypt. Their shares were about (12%) and (10%)
respectively of total quantity imported during the same period.
There are many factors affecting international trade
() I L q y Pt ian (-J(J ric u 1t.u r lJ I r n ()d , ~J II Ch a sec 0 n 0 rn ] c , r r ()d l! ;’ t l I) I: ,
consumption, marketing, technical and financial factors.
The most important ones are the exchange rates and lack of
cooperation between exporting companies and agencies.
In order to increase Egyptian agricultural exportation
one must take care of extensive economic studies for
setting efficient prod\lction policies to improve quantity
of output and to carry out more field studies in foreign
where Egyptian agricultural items are exported. Also more
intergration should take place between exporting agencleS
to ensure good information about markets.
The study shows that one must give good 3ttenllor1 \ I)
transportation fares and packaging. More efficient marketing
policies should be sought in order to distribution of
Fqyptian commodities in obtain better international markets.