الفهرس 
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Abstract
pregnancies of type - 1 or type - 2 dibetic females, as well as cases of gestational dibetes constitute a recognized medical problem in which disturbances in maternal metabolism have detrimental effects on fetal development.with recent advances in understanding the nature of diabetic complications and the introduction of new and more effective treatment modalities, the possibility of diabetic patients achieving close to normal metabolic control is maximized.