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Abstract
Summary:- In general, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the genetic information, used in the development and functioning of living organisms. It is often called as a blueprint, since it contains the genetic information, from which the components of cell, like proteins and RNA can be constructed. Genes are DNA segments, that carry genetic information. They govern the physical traits of human body like, eye color, hair color, bone thickness and build.
Obesity represents a disruption in balancing fuel intake with energy expenditure in favor of energy conservation. Adiposity is known to be carefully regulated and, over time, highly resistant to major changes, raising questions about how energy homeostasis can become dysregulated in favor of fat accumulation. In obesity, the excess lipid accumulation represents a surfeit of energy, but those who are obese often experience rapid fatigue and decreased physical endurance, reflecting an energy deficiency. To develop an explanation for this apparent contradiction in energy homeostasisand the chronic overeating relative to energy used in obesity
This work aim to study:
Effect of obesity on gene expression of tissue DNA
Effect of obesity on anti oxidants. For this our search aimed to study the effect of obesity through feeding high caloric diet with high fat content on tissue genes expression in liver and muscle and compare it with the same genes in low caloric diet try to study its relation.
Fifty male Albino rats were used in the study. Their weight ranged from 120 gm .Rats will be housed in stainless steel cages in the laboratory house in biochemistry department which will adapted to the room and cage environment 7 day before the beginning of the protocol. classified into two main groups, namely as control and obese groups. Control group kept on a standard ration for one month, while the obese group kept on sun flower oil diet which is high caloric diet containing high fat source for one month also. After the end of one month ,half number scarified and measured lipid profile in serum of rats . and the remaining rats will maintain in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)treatment for 4-5 weeks then scarified and measurelipid profile in serum of rats. After scarification of each group ,smallsamples from liver and muscle were taken very rapidly before death ,stored in liquid nitrogen till used for performing molecular studies on it.also another part were taken , washed by a physiological saline solution to prepare a liver and muscle homogenate for biochemical investigationto the oxidative stress through measuring the following parameters:(SOD and CAT activity).
The result of the study can be summarized as follows:
1- Effect of obesity and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment on Body weight:
There is highly significant increase in the body weight of obese group in comparison with its control one that considered indication of obesity occurrence, but significantly decrease in conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) treatment which treated with conjugated linoleic acid in comparison with its control.
2- Effect of obesity and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment on lipid profile:
We measured lipid profile for obesity indication. there is very high significant increased in the concentration of total lipid ,total cholesterol, triglycerides ,LDL and VLDL in obese group in comparison with its control ,but significantly decreased of HDL of obese group in comparison with its control.
3- Effect of obesity and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment on catalase (CAT) activity in kidney homogenate:
There is significant decrease in the activity of catalase in obese group than control one but increase in Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment than control.
4- Effect of obesity and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment on catalase(CAT) activity in muscle:
There is significant decrease in the activity of catalase in obese group than control one but increase in Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment than control.
5- Effect of obesity and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment on catalase(CAT) activity in liver homogenate:
There is significant decrease in the activity of catalase in obese group than control one but increase in Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment than control.
6- Effect of obesity and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in muscle homogenate :
There is a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase in obese group than control one but increase in Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment than control.
7- Effect of obesity and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment on superoxide dismutase (SOD)activity in kidney homogenate:
There is a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase in obese group than control one but increase in Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment than control.
8- Effect of obesity and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment on superoxide dismutase (SOD)activity in liver homogenate:
There is a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase in obese group than control one but increase in Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment than control.
9- cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNAExpression in liver:
There was significantly up regulation in pattern of expression.
10- cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNAExpression in muscle:
There was significantly down regulation in pattern of expression.
11- ATPase mRNAExpression in liver:
There was significantly up regulation in pattern of expression.
12- ATPase mRNAExpression in muscle:
There was significantly down regulation in pattern of expression.
13- B- actin mRNAExpression in liver and muscle:
There were stabilized pattern of expression in all groups as it considered as hosekeeping gene which act as internal control.
Conclusion
1- Obesity is correlated with an increased risk of death , and is a risk factor for a number of chronic conditions , including adult onset diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and high plasma triacylglycerols,
2- There is significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase in liver , muscle and kidney homogenate of obese group than control one but increase in Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment than control to overcome oxidative stress..
3- There is significant decrease in the activity of catalase in liver , muscle and kidney homogenate of obese group than control one but increase in Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) treatment than control to overcome oxidative stress.
4- The rate of mutation in mtDNA is calculated to be about ten times greater than that of nuclear DNA, possibly due to a paucity of DNA repair mechanisms. This high mutation rate leads to a high variation between mitochondria, not only among different species but even within the same species.
5-A certain mutation can cause several different diseases depending on the severity of the problem in the mitochondria and the tissue the affected mitochondria are in. Conversely, several different mutations may present themselves as the same disease.
6- There is significant increase in gene expression of cytochrome oxidase and ATP synthase in obese rats in liver. Due to Production of ROS increased selectively in adipose tissue of obese rat, accompanied by augmented expression of cytochrome oxidase and decreased expression of antioxidative enzymes.while in muscle low significant increase due to mitochondrial mass decreased in case of obesity so, the mitochondrial function decrease.