الفهرس 
Normal morphology of camel’s lungOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present work aimed to study the etiology (bacterial causes ) and histopathological findings of lung lesions in native and imported camels slaughtered in Egypt abattoirs as well as to study the hepatic lesions associated with progressive lung lesions in the same camels in order to understanding the development of Hepatopulmonary syndrome. And to determine the incidence of lung lesion in relation to liver affections in camels.For this purpose ,one hundered lung showed diferent pathological lesions and their associated liver of the same animals were collected from Cairo, Giza and Qalyobia abattoirs.Samples from each lung were taken for bacteriological examination and specimens from lung and liver of each sloughtered animals were obtained for pathological examination.
Bacteriological examination revealed that, the main bacterial isolates isolated from collected lung samples were Staph aureus (37.14%), Klebsiella. pneumoniae (25.71%), Corynebacterium spp. (8.57%), Strept pyogene (10%) , Pasteurella Spp (2.85%), Actinomysis pyogenes (1.,42%), E.Coli (27.14%) and Bacillus Spp (25.71%). Whil mixed infection observed in (35.71%) of affected lung.
On the basis of histopathological finding the lung lesions were classified into the follwing :
(1)- Changes in air contents: emphysema were seen in 44% of the affected lung association with bronchitis and adjacent to areas of consolidated alveoli due to fibrosis or pneumonia. While, atelectasis was seen in 9% of the affected cases and were commonly seen in the neighborhood of parasitic cyst ,emphysematous tissues and lung abscesses.
(2)- Acute and chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis were detected in 45% of affected cases. Acute bronchilitis was characterized by degenerative changes of the linning epithelium,leucocytic cellular infitration with presence of inflammatory exudates or cross sections of the parasite in the lumen .While chronic bronchiolitis was characterized by hyperplasia of the lining epithelium with peribronchilar fibrosis. However,bronchiolitis obliterance and bronchoectasis were also detected in few cases.
(3)- Pneumonia:
a- Suppurative Pneumonia : were detected in 12% of affected lung in form of lung abscesses and suppurative bronchopneumonia. Grossly, lung abscesses were filled with pus of different colour and consistency. Microscopically, suppurative bronchopneumonia were characterized by suppurative exudates and leucocytic cellular infiltration particullary neutrophiles, while, the chronic cases were associated with organization of the inflammatory exudates and fibrous tissues proliferation replaced the pulmonary tissues.
b- Fibrinous pneumonis : were observed in 13% of affecetd cases, and represented microscopically by presence of peumonic areas of gray and red hepatization with congestion of the pulmonary blood vesseles and capillaries.
c- Interstitial pneumonia : acute and chronic interstitial pneumoia were recognized in 10% of affected cases. In acute cases, thickning in the interalveolar septa due to odema and leucocytic infilteration mainly lymphocytes was noticed. Moreover, some alveoli revealed hyaline memebrane and accumulation of esinophilic protien rich odema. While the chronic cases were characterized by fibrosis of the interalveolar septa.
(4) Lung fibrosis : were detected in 22% of total affecetd cases . Focal and difuse areas of fibrous connective tissues proliferation replaced pulmonary parenchyma were observed.
(5) Affection of pleura : were seen in 40% of the affected cases. It characterized by thickning of the pleura due to odema and leucocytic infilteration or accumulation of fibrinopurulant exudates. Moreover, fibrous tissue proliferation was also detected in the pleural tissues.
(6)Parasitic affections : appeared in 15% of total affected cases. Hydatid cyst were commonly finding detected in lung tissues. Grossly, the cysts were seen embeded in the lung and filled with clear or turbid fluid and had a thick fibrous wall. Microscopically , mature and immature hydatid cysts were detected . The wall of immature cysts revealed multiple small abscesses and seveer lymphocytic infiltration. Adjacent bronchioles and alveoli showed pressure atrophy and atelectsis.Moreover, verminous pnumonia was also detected in the pulmonary tissues and evidenced by presence of parasitic larvae surrounded by chronic granulomatus reactions and fine connective tissue capsule.
(7) Neoplasm : interestingly, two cases of leiomyoma were detected in the pleura and pulmonary tissue. The neoplastic cells were well differentiated and typically resemble smooth muscle cells. These neoplastic cells were interlaced and surrounded by connective tissue capsule
On the second axis the hepatic lesions in this work were classified according to histopathological changes :
(1): Degenerative changes : were characterized by fatty changes represented 80% of the affected liver and vacuolar and hydropic degeneration which were seen in 14% of the affected cases.
(2)Hepatits :
a-Suppurative hepatits : were seen in 14% of affected liver ,where multiple abscesses irregulary distirbuted allover the hepatic surface were macroscopically noticed . Microcopically, focal areas of liquifactive and caseous necrosis , some time with calcification ; surrounded by large number of inflammatory cells were observed .
b- Parasitic hepatits : parasitic tracks were detected in 9% of the affected liver. Microscopically the hepatic parenchyma showed presencr of large circumscribed areas of coagulative necrosis intermixed with extravasated erythrocytes or degenerated hepatocytes and surrounded by diffuse inflammatory reaction in parenchyma particularly esinophiles, macrophages and lymphocytes .
C-Toxic hepatitis : appeared in 4% of affected cases . Microscopically, acute red atrophy characterized by centrolobular necrosis of hepatocytes replaced by blood , accompained with fatty and hydropic degeneration at prephery of hepatic lobules. While chronic toxic hepatits ,was represented by central cirrhosis surrounded by zone of hemorrheage replaced the hepatic parenchyma and zone of lymphocytic inflammatory cellular aggregation.
d- Chronic granulmoatus hepatitis: were seen in one case where focal aggregation of macrophages surrounded by zone of lymphocytes and fibrous connective tissue capsule were observed.
(3) Liver cirrhosis : different types of cirrhosis were detected in the affecetd liver. Central cirrhosis were seen in 13% of examined liver, capsular cirrhosis were seen in 16%, portal cirrhosis were seen in 20% and biliry were seen in 11%, monolobular cirrhosis were seen in 7%. Moreover, ,diffuse types of cirrhosis were seen in 12% of examined samples.
(4)Hydatidosis : were also detected in 7% of affected liver . The lesion due to hydatid cyst were represented by presence of cysts in hepatic parenchyma , the walls of these cysts showed esinophilic materials surrounded by fibrous conntctive tissue infilterated with monuuclear cells. Parasitic scolexices were demonestrated in lumen of some cysts. Some of these cysts were surrounded by zone of macrophages and epitheliod cells, the hepatocytes surrounding the cysts were suffered from some degenerative changes.
(5) Miscellaneous hepatic disorders:
a- Neoplasm : one case of lymphosarcoma lymphocytic type was detected in the hepatic tissue. The neoplastic cells appeared similar to lymphocytes and form neoplastic structure resembling the lymphoid follicles with infiltration of large number of cells in between the follicles
b- Chronic passive congestion (C.V.C): were detected in two cases. Grossly, the liver was dark red in colour, swollen with rounded edges. Microscopically, the central veins and hepatic sinusoids were dilated and filled with erythrocytes with thickening and hyalinization of their walls. Moreover, fibrous tissue proliferation surrounded the central veins resulted in central cirrhosis.
Relation between lung and liver lesions :
Regarding to the hepatic lesions associated with progressive lung lesions , the present study concluded that, 4% of the slaughtered camels had suppurative inflammation or hydatid cysts in both organs. Pulmonary emphysema were associated with venous congestion or cirrhosis of the liver in 11% and 20% of the examined cases respectively. Moreover, lung fibrosis were also accompained with venous congestion and cirrohosis of the liver in 9% and 8% of the slaughtered camels respectively.
According to our results, we can concluded that,the ocurrance of pathological changes in the liver of pneumonic camels indicated the intimate relationship between lung and hepatic lesions in this animal species.