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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels .
There are two main types of diabetes ;type I which account 5-10% of diabetic patient and results from a cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the β -cells of the pancreas and type II which accounts for >90–95% of those with diabetes and result from insulin resistence.
Glucose homeostasis is controlled primarily by the anabolic hormone insulin and also by several insulin-like growth factors. Several catabolic hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone) oppose the action of insulin; they are known as anti-insulin or counter-regulatory hormones.
The liver plays a central role in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Its normal functioning is essential for the maintenance of blood glucose levels and of a continued supply to organs that require a glucose energy source. This central role for the liver in glucose homeostasis offers a clue to the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance in liver diseases.
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