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Abstract
5. Two field experiments were conducted on a calcareous clay loamy and a non the calcareous sandy soil at Atfeh region, Giza Governorate to evaluate the effect of different organic materials, i.e., vinasse, (A1), farmyard manure FYM, (A2) town refuse compost (A3) and farm refuse compost (A4) applied at two rates of 5 and 10 ton fed.-1 on some physical and chemical properties of the studied soils as well the dry matter yields of maize succeeded by wheat grown thereon The used soil conditioner were applied and mixed thoroughly with the top 30 cm surface layer of each plot during preparation of soil for cultivation. Maize (Zea mays, single cross 10) was planted in the summer season of 2007 in plots, area of each is 10.5 m2.
The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. All plots received the NPK fertilizer at the recommended doses for maize. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Sakha 69) was sown after maize harvesting, as a winter crop on 15 th November 2007 and harvested on 5th of May 2008. The recommended doses of N, P and K were added to each plot which did not receive further organic materials. At the end of the second season, undisturbed samples were taken from each plot at a depth of 0-30 cm. to evaluate effect of the applied organic materials on physical properties of the investigated soils. Likewise, soil sample were crushed, sieved through a 2 mm sieve and used to follow up the changes which might be occurred due to the aforementioned treatments.
• The values of soil bulk density were decreased due to the addition of the organic materials (soil conditioners). The highest decrease in bulk density was achieved due to the application of farm refuse compost at a rate of 10 ton/fed.
• Total soil porosity values were markedly increased in the calcareous clay loamy soil and decreased in the non calcareous sandy soil due to application of the organic materials (soil conditioners).
• The higher application rate i. e. 10 ton/fed was of more pronounced effect on total soil porosity.
• Hydraulic conductivity of the calcareous clay loamy soil was increased with the addition of soil treatments but decreased in the non calcareous sandy soil after wheat. Farm refuse compost at a rate of 10 ton/fed and farmyard manure at a rate of 10 ton/fed were superior to all the other treatments.
• Soil moisture retained at both field capacity and wilting point increased due to the application of organic materials (soil conditioners). Ten ton/fed was the rate of the more obvious effect in this concern.
• Available water of the calcareous clay loamy soil and the non calcareous sandy soil was increased with the addition of soil treatments after wheat. Farm refuse compost at a rate of 10ton/fed and farmyard manure at a rate of 10 ton/fed were superior to all the other treatments.
• Addition of organic materials (soil conditioners) increased soil organic matter content. Farm refuse compost at a rate of 10 ton/fed and FYM at a rate of 10 ton/fed, were superior to all the other treatments.
• The soil EC increased with the application of vinasse to values superior to all the other treatments.
• The application of organic materials (soil conditioners) to the investigated soils caused decreases in soil pH values especially at the higher rate. The higher rate of the applied soil conditioner was of higher effect on reducing pH values.
Shoots, grains and biological yields of maize planted in the investigated soils were increased as compared with the control treatments owing to application of the aforementioned organic materials.
The increases in maize yields due to application of the different organic conditioners may be ascribed to the persistent effect of soil conditioners on soil properties relative to the plant growth on one side and the nutritional supply upon decomposition of these organic materials on the other side
Straw, grains and biological yields of wheat plants increased as compared with those attained due to the control treatment in both the investigated soils owing to application of the used conditioners.
The highest increases in straw, grains and biological yields of wheat grown on both the calcareous clay loamy and non calcareous sandy soils were recorded for the plots received farm yard manure (A2). The values of NPK-uptake by maize plants progressively increased due to application of the used conditioners and the increases became more obvious by increasing rate of application in both calcareous clay loamy and non calcareous sandy soils. The highest values of NPK-uptake by maize plant were attained due to application of vinasse in both the calcareous clay loamy and non calcareous sandy soils. The achieved increases in NPK uptake values may be ascribed to the effect of the used conditioners on improving the penetration of the root and hence availability of plant nutrients.
Application of the used conditioners to both the calcareous clay loamy and non calcareous sandy soils significantly increased Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn uptake by shoot and grain of maize plants. Also, results indicated that the efficiency of the studied conditioners differed according to its type and rate of application. It is noteworthy to mention that application of farm refuse compost resulted in the highest uptake values of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn maize plants.
The residual effect of the used conditioners A1 (vinasse), A2 (FYM), A3 (town refuse compost), A4 (farm refuse compost), enhanced significantly the NPK -uptake by both straw and grains of wheat plants. The highest NPK-uptake value by wheat plant was recorded owing to application of the farm refuse compost and FYM, respectively in both the investigated soils.
The wheat straw and grain uptake values of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn increased significantly due to the residual effect of the applied conditioners.
The highest uptake values of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn uptake by straw and grain of wheat plants were achieved due to application of FYM.
1- Recommended to use the organic conditioners improve both physical and chemical properties of the desertic calcareous clay loamy soil and the non calcareous sandy soils.
2- It is advisable to apply organic soil conditioners at rate of 10ton/fed. which is more pronounced effect on dry matter yield o