الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used medications in the world. They can affect the kidney inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. This permits unopposed vasoconstrictive action of leukotrienes, angiotensin II, vasopressin, endothelin and catecholamines.
Neutrophil gelatinase- associated lipocalin (NGAL), a member of the lipocalin family, is a novel marker for the early detection of kidney injury. It was originally isolated from the supernatant of activated human neutrophils, but it is also expressed at a low level in human tissues, including the kidney, so it might represent an early, sensitive, and noninvasive urinary biomarker for the detection of ischemic and nephrotoxic renal injuries.
Our study included 30 patients, that were grouped into ( 3 groups):
Group (I): 10 normal subjects with normal kidney functions suffering from osteoarthritis and were evaluated before starting NSAIDs and after using of NSAIDs, in the form of Diclofenac Sodium 100 mg PO daily for 2 weeks.
Group П: 10 patients with CKD stage 3 and stage 4 and were not taking NSAIDs.
Group Ш: 10 patients with CKD stage 3 and stage 4 and were evaluated while taking NSAIDs in the form of Diclofinac Sodium 100 mg PO daily, for osteoarthritis and after stopping it for 2 weeks.