الفهرس 
introduction
diabetic complicationsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by resistance to the action of insulin, insufficient insulin secretion, or both. The major clinical manifestation of the diabetic state is hyperglycemia. However, insulin deficiency and/or insulin resistance also are associated with disturbances in lipid and protein metabolism. The vast majority of diabetic patients are classified into one of two broad categories: type 1 diabetes, which is caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin, and type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by the presence of insulin resistance with an inadequate compensatory increase in0 insulin secretion. In addition, women who develop diabetes during their pregnancy, are classified as having gestational diabetes. Finally, there are a variety of uncommon and diverse types of diabetes which are caused by infections, drugs, endocrinopathies, pancreatic destruction, and genetic defects. Extracts of myrrh have shown a wide range of pharmacological activites.The essential oil has been shown to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive organisms and to decrease production of proinflammatory cytokines in in vitro models of periodontal disease. Some of the furanosesquiterpenes isolated from myrrh have shown local anaesthetic, antibacterial and antihngal activity. The antimicrobial and antifungal properties are of interest because they might have contributed to the effectiveness of myrrh in the embalming process. Local anaesthetic and bactericidal. activity of pure furanosesquiterpenes, and inhibition of cytokine production by the essential oil, give credence to the use of myrrh tincture in treating inflammatory conditions of the mouth and pharynx. Other furanosesquiterpenes have demonstrated morphine-like properties, acting on opioid receptors in the central nervous system. This provides support for the use of myrrh as an analgesic. Aqueous suspensions of myrrh have shown cytotoxic effects in solid tumours in rodent models. C molmol extracts have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activity. Myrrh pre-treatment appears to protect gastric mucosa fiom ulcerogenic agents in rats. Myrrh (fiom the stem of the Cornmiphora molmol tree) is an oleo gum resin that may prove efficacious for the treatment of fascioliasis.