الفهرس 
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Abstract
The International Ascites Club defined HRS as: “a syndrome that occurs in patients with advanced chronic liver disease and advanced hepatic failure and portal hypertension characterized by impaired renal function and marked abnormalities in the arterial circulation and activity of the endogenous vasoactive systems. In the kidney, there is marked renal vasoconstriction that results in low glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In the extrarenal circulation, there is a predominance of arterial vasodilatation that results in reduction of total systemic vascular resistance and arterial hypotension”.
HRS accounts for 20% of acute renal failure inpatients with cirrhosis and ascites and about 17% of the patients with ascites admitted to hospital and in more than 50% of deaths occurring among cirrhotic patients with liver failure.
HRS was the third most common cause of admission to hospital in the intensive care unit (ICU) among patients with cirrhosis; the annual incidence of HRS is estimated at 8% to 40% in cirrhosis.
HRS is a common complication of liver cirrhosis due to different etiologies which can be summarized in order of frequency as following:
1. Hepatitis C.
2. Alcoholic cirrhosis.
3. Cryptogenic cirrhosis.
4. Fulminant hepatic failure.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis.
6. Autoimmune hepatitis.
7. Subfulminant hepatic failure.
8. Hepatitis C / hepatocellular cancer.
9. Primary billiary cirrhosis.
10. α – 1- antitrypsin syndrome.
11. Budd Chiri syndrome.
12. Hepatitis B.
13. Alcohol / hepatocellular cancer.
14. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
15. Caroli’s disease.
16. Secondary billiary cirrhosis.