الفهرس 
AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Language is a means of transmitting and processing information, organizing sensory perceptions, and expressing thoughts, feelings, and intentions. Language is a function of the cerebral cortex.
Language is most easily acquired in childhood. Linguistic messages are transmitted and received through speaking and hearing, writing and reading, or (in the case of sign language) the production and interpretation of gestures. Language function depends on the well-coordinated activity of an extensive neural network in the left hemisphere. The left hemisphere is responsible for the cognitive processing of language, while the right hemisphere produces and recognizes the emotional components of language. Language is subserved by subcortical nuclei as well (left thalamus, left caudate nucleus, associated fiber pathways). The entire language zone that encompasses language areas is perisylvian. The main receptive area, subserving the perception of spoken language is Wernicke’s area. The main executive or output region is Broca’s area and is concerned with motor aspects of speech.
Speech comprehension and production requires words transformation electrical impulses travel to brain stem cochlear nucleus then to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus and reaching primary auditory cortex then decoded in auditory association cortex, Wernicke’s area. Then information travels to motor association cortex, Broca’s area, through the arcuate fasciculus. The motor cortex, in coordination with the supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, sends corticobulbar fibers to implement speech sounds.
In reading, visual stimuli (written words) reach primary visual cortex and are then transmitted to visual association cortex, then processed in heteromodal association cortex, Wernicke’s area. Also processed in angular gyrus for semantic meaning. Wernicke’s area then projects via the arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area, which sends its output to the motor cortex. Writing requires transfer of language information to motor association cortex superior to Broca’s area and then to motor neurons in primary motor cortex projecting to arm and hand.