الفهرس 
SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE COCHLEAOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cochlear implants are the first true bionic sense organs. The human
cochlea is an electromechanical transducer. Cochlear implants, like other
human hair cell, receive mechanical sound energy and convert it into a
series of electrical impulses.
The history of cochlear implantation begins with the use of
electricity to stimulate the ear in an attempt to produce a sound sensation.
In 1790, Alessandro Volta first reported that electrical stimulation to
metal rods inserted in his ear canal created an auditory sensation. He
described this sensation as “a boom within the head.”.
The first single channel cochlear implant was introduced in 1972.
Over 1000 people were implanted from 1972 to the mid 1980s including
several hundred children. This early single channel device, the 3M/
House cochlear implant was well tolerated and provided many users with
significant speech reading enhancement. Additionally, some individuals
enjoyed limited open set word recognition.
Since that time, a great deal of research has been dedicated to
improving the design of the implant system, identifying the best
intracochlear array and stimulation mode, refining the processing
strategies available and miniaturizing both the external and internal
hardware.