الفهرس 
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is a condition of pro-oxidant/AO disequilibrium, where
increased generation of oxidants overwhelms the AO defense mechanisms leading
to damage of various cellular structures.
Oxidants include ROS and RNS that collectively describe free radicals and
non-radical reactive derivatives. Free radicals are molecules or molecular
fragments containing one or more unpaired electrons in atomic or molecular
orbitals. This unpaired electron(s) usually gives a considerable degree of reactivity
to the free radical. Non-radicals include H2O2, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite and
ozone. Free radicals include superoxide anion, hydroxyl, peroxyl and NO radicals.
The exogenous sources of free radicals include drugs, tobacco smoke, air
pollutants, organic solvents, anesthetics, pesticides radiation The endogenous free
radicals include those that are produced and act intracellularly, as well as those that
are generated within the cell and released to the surrounding area examples:
Oxidative or respiratory burst Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation Enzymatic
systems e.g xanthine oxidase, amino acid oxidase, Pathological disorders, which
are associated with impaired metal metabolism and others.