الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disease in all populations and all age groups. It affects around 194 million people worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a major emerging clinical and public health problem in Egypt. It is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. It affects nearly 3.9 million individuals in Egypt with an expected increase by 2025 to nearly 9 million. There are three main types of diabetes which are insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, non-insulin dependent diabetes and gestational diabetes.
The traditional method of exogenous supply of insulin is not sufficient. However, there is a considerable success in insulin independency of diabetic patient after transplantation of whole pancreas or the islet cells. The transplantation strategy of treatment is greatly limited due to the shortage of cadaver pancreases as well as pancreatic islet for transplantation relative to the potential demand .This has led strong to the search for new sources of insulin-producing cells.
Stem cell transplantation represents one of the promising beta-cell replacement therapy. Stem cells are defined as cells that have two important characteristics distinguish them from other cell types. First, they are undifferentiated cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division, resulting in considerable amplification of stem cell number. Second, under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become cells with special functions as cardiomyocyte, hepatocytes, pancreatic cells..etc.
Stem cell therapy in DM was investigated from different sources as embryonic and fetal stem cells, which showed their ability to differentiate into insulin-producing cells. However, they have ethical problems, which impede their application into the clinical settings. Bone marrow-derived stem cells were reported also to have the ability to differentiate into insulin producing cells (IPCs). However, they showed more limited expansion, invasive collection procedure and limited differentiation capacities with advanced age.
Wharton’s jelly (HUC-MSCs) is the mucoid tissue surrounding the two arteries and the vein present in the umbilical cord. Wharton’s jelly offers multiple advantages over other types of stem cells including.