الفهرس 
Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Morphological characteristics (Ochreae and seeds) of Polygonum and Persicaria species were studied. Persicaria were found to have a truncate Ochreae with fringed bristles. Ochreae of all of Persicaria species were permanent except Pe. senegalensis changed according to the plant age (i.e. ruptured by aging). In another hand, Polygonum had bi-lobed (bi-lacerate) Ochreae without bristles except Po. plebeium had short bristles.
Seeds of Persicaria and Polygonum varied from either bigonous or trigonous. All Persicaria species had bigonous seeds except those of Pe. maculosa and Pe. salicifolia had trigonous, while Polygonum species had trigonous seeds. In addition, Emex spinosa, Fallopia, Oxygonum and Rumex had trigonous seeds, while Calligonum had tetraqueterous one.
Cytologically, nine species were studied (i.e. Emex spinosa, Pe. lanigera, Pe. lapathifolia, Pe. salicifolia, Po.equisetiforme, Rumex dentatus, R. cyprius, R. pictus and R. vesicarius). The hard pericarp seeds were treated by concentrated sulfuric acid for germination. Rumex and Emex responded to acidification, but negatively as their rates of germination were lower than that without acid. In another hand, Persicaria and Polygonum responded to acid effect and their germination rates were high. Growing roots were collected and treated cytologically to study their chromosomal features. Each of Pe. lapathifolia (2n=22), Pe. salicifolia (2n=60), Rumex dentatus (2n=40), R. cyprius (2n=18) and R. vesicarius (2n=18) had similar chromosomal counts to previous records, while Emex spinosa (2n=18), Pe. lanigera (2n=40), Po. equisetiforme (2n=58) and Rumex pictus (2n=18) showed new counts. Therefore the taxa in Polygonoideae showed variation in the basic chromosome number of X=9 (Emex spinosa, Rumex cyprius, R. pictus and R. vesicarius), X=10 (Pe. lanigera, Pe. salicifolia and Rumex dentatus), X=11 (Pe. lapathifolia) and aneuploidy (Po. equisetiforme).
5S-rDNA-PCR was performed on the DNA of nine species (E. spinosa, Pe. lanigera, Pe. lapathifolia, Pe. limbata, Pe. salicifolia, Po. equisetiforme, Po. plebeium, R. dentatus and R. pictus). Twenty six polymorphic bands were photographed on gel-electrophoresis and the average similarity coefficient was calculated by PAST program, which ranged from 0.0725 to 0.9825. Each of Pe. limbata, Po. equisetiforme and Po. plebeium showed four bands (15.38 %); Pe. Lapathifolia and R. dentatus three bands (11.54%); while Pe. lanigera, Pe. salicifolia, R. pictus and E. spinosa showed two bands each (7.69%). A dendrogram based on the genetic similarity of PCR 5S-rDNA was created (Fig. 49). Accordingly, the selected species were clustered into two main groups 1& 2: Clade-1 divided into 3 & 4: clade-3 (R. pictus) and clade- 4 (Pe. lanigera and Pe. salicifolia); Clade-2 divided into 5 & 6: clade-5 divided into clade-9 (Po. equisetiforme) and clade-10 (E. spinosa and R. dentatus); clade-6 divided into clade-11 (Po. plebeium) and clade-12 (Pe. limbata and Pe. lapathifolia).
SDS-PAGE profiles were established for available seeds (E. spinosa, Pe. lanigera, Pe. lapathifolia, Pe. salicifolia, Pe. senegalensis, Po. equisetiforme, Po. plebeium, R. dentatus, R. cyprius and R. pictus). Total proteins were detected. Sixty seven total reproducible bands were obtained from SDS-PAGE experiment of similarity coefficient ranged from 0.075 to 0.9825. Different species exhibited distinctive band numbers and sizes. R. dentatus and R. pictus showed five bands (7.46%); Each of E. spinosa, Pe. lapathifolia, Pe. senegalensis and Po. equisetiforme showed six bands (8.96%); Pe. lanigera and Pe. plebeium produced eight bands (11.94%); Pe. salicifolia showed ten bands (14.93%). A dendrogram based on the genetic similarity of SDS-PAGE was created (Fig. 52). Accordingly, the ten species were divided into two main groups: the 1st group involves E. spinosa, Polygonum equisetiforme, Po. plebeium, Rumex dentatus, R. cyprius and R. pictus (Fig. 52ss; Clade 1) and the 2nd one has Persicaria lanigera, Pe. lapathifolia, Pe. salicifolia and Pe. senegalensis.
According to the present study, a bright light was added to understand the mixed relations between taxa among subfamily Polygonoideae. These problems were restricted in the inter- and intra-generic levels, thus the present study introduced some preliminary speculations for generic isolation among Rumex, Polygonum and Persicaria and applied more suggestions to understand the genetical and taxonomical relationships.