الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of kidney disease in the absence of new treatment modalities has become a strong driver for innovation in nephrology and hence the role of stem cells. However the kidney has a low rate of cellular turnover but has a great capacity to regenerate Three possible sources of stem cells contributing to renal tissue repair after injury have been suggested
1. Cells from a distant site, such as bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal stem cells or hematopoietic stem cells.
2. The surviving tubular cells that dedifferentiate into a mesenchymal phenotype, followed by migration and redifferentiation into normal renal tubules.
3. The renal papilla, a niche for adult kidney stem cells
Several potential cell-based therapies for renal failure are considered and are currently under development providing a route, direct or indirect, for the application of stem cell technology.
The direct route :simple administration of stem cells to the diseased or injured organ
Indirect routes include the bio- and tissue-engineering approaches