الفهرس 
Introduction
Autograft boneOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pathological conditions of ossicular chain which need ossiculoplasty are variables, either fixation or discontinuity caused congenitally, traumatically or inflammatory, affecting incudostapedial or incudomalleolar joint separation, dislocation of the incus, , stapediovestibular dislocation, or fractures of the ossicles.
There are many types of reconstruction methods depending on the type and location of the ossicular defects. Interpositioning of the autogenous or homogenous ossicular tissue, cortical bone grafts , cartilage graft or tissue adhesive may be used to connect the stapes to the incus if reapproximation is not satisfactory.
Biomaterials used for ossicular chain reconstruction have changed in time with improvement in biocompability. Polyethylene and Teflon prostheses had high extrusion rate as compared to hydroxyapatite and titanium prostheses.
In this study we focus on two important techniques which facilitate the procedure, they are malleus relocation and usage of bone cement.
Malleus relocation make the ossicular continuity more stable through bringing the malleus in front of the stapes or footplate making the angle between them almost zero. On the other hand , bone cement can close the gap in ossicular chain and fix the ossicles in place hardly as a bone. Both techniques make the ossicular chain reconstruction less complicated and less extrusion rate.