الفهرس 
Epidemiology and histopathology of urothelial TumorsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The rate of tumor recurrence of superficial bladder cancer
is 50–80% in the first 2 years after diagnosis; progression to
invasive disease accounts for 15–23% of recurrences. The
detection rate of a further UUT-UCC is 2–10%.
Conventional cystoscopy and urine cytology is the standard
method for detection and follows up of urothelial bladder tumors.
However, conventional cystoscopy has some disadvantages in
that it is an invasive, expensive, and time-consuming technique.
So, new noninvasive methods for the diagnosis and surveillance
of UCCs are therefore urgently required to replace cystoscopy.
In this study we tried to discuss the role of modern
technology for early detection of urothelial tumors recurrence.
These new diagnostic modalities could be summarized in three
main categories: cancer biomarkers, new imaging methods, and
modern optical methods.
The FDA (food and drug agency) in the USA has already
accepted urinary tests for monitoring patients with bladder cancer,
including: Nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22), Bladder tumor
antigen (BTA), UroVysion (fluorescence in situ hybridization -
FISH) test, ImmunoCyt, and Hyaluronic acid (HA).