الفهرس 
Types of traumaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Injury is a global public health problem and the dominant cause of morbidity and mortality. Injury is the seventh cause of death worldwide and the number one cause of death in the young in the United States.
The most common mechanisms of injury admitted to the Trauma Center are Intentional Injury (Assault, Firearm, Stab), Falls, Motor Vehicle Collisions and Motorcycle Crashes. (Peden,etal,.2003)
The concept of grouping patients according to severity of their illness and so patient care could be made more efficient because equipment and specially trained personnel could be grouped and located appropriately. Also during this time, the rapid development of new procedures and equipment made the need for grouping critically ill medical patients more apparent. (Berenson,.1984)
Scoring systems were designed initially to categorize patients with single, specific diagnoses into risk and prognosis groups. all the scoring systems assess the severity of illness and the likelihood of in-hospital mortality. Of arguably more importance is the ability to predict outcome or morbidity after discharge from ICU. (Ridley, eta,l.1998)
ICU scoring systems can be divided into four major groups: general risk-prognostic scores (severity of illness scores).Disease-specific risk prognostic scores. Trauma scoring . organ dysfunction (failure) scoring. (Harrison, etal,.2006)
Many scoring systems have been developed to measure or predict severity or outcome of trauma, intensive care unit (ICU) results, and development of sepsis, complications after operations, and other factors. They may predict mortality, morbidity, complications, severity of illness, or occurrence of other problems.
The optimal care of injured children requires the proper triage of the most severely injured children to the appropriate regional trauma centers. Thus, trauma scoring systems have been developed to aid in the prehospital evaluation and triage of injured patients.
This approach requires an accurate method of assessing injury severity and the physiologic response to injury in the field. In addition to triage, trauma scoring systems have been developed to predict probability of survival to provide quality assurance at individual trauma centers and to compare outcomes between different trauma centers. (Champion,.2002)
Trauma during pregnancy has presented very unique challenges . The anatomy and physiology change of pregnancy make diagnosis and treatment difficult. These changes alter maternal response to trauma and require adaptations to care. ( Shah,et al.2003)
Elderly trauma patients represent an important clinical subgroup of significant challenges to both acute and long-term care. Co morbidity, use of multiple medications, frail anatomies and a reduced physiological reserve all predispose elderly trauma patients to an increased risk for poor prognoses including functional decline, diminished quality of life and mortality subsequent to injury. (Inaba, etal,.2003)