الفهرس 
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Abstract
Wilms’ tumor is the most common renal tumor in children. It’s an embryonal tumor developing from the remnants of the immature kidney. It occurs equally in boys and girls. Early in the 20th century, most of the children diagnosed of Wilms’ tumor died of the disease. Outcomes have improved dramatically over the last few decades thanks to introduction of chemotherapy and refinement of surgical techniques.
Diagnosis of Wilms’ tumor relies on clinical presentation and radiological evaluation. Accurate staging of Wilms’ tumor is essential to define the tumor extent before initiating treatment, because the outcome of treatment is highly correlated with the stage and histology of the disease.
Treatment of Wilms’ tumor is a multimodal treatment. Patients are stratified according to the stage and tumor histology. The aim is to select out the high-risk patients for more intense therapy while minimizing treatment and thus morbidity for low-risk patients. Some biological features may be also considered in the treatment plan.
Although surgery attains a pivotal role in Wilms’ tumor treatment, the improved prognosis for this malignancy during the 20th century is attributed primarily to the advances in chemotherapy with the application of the chemotherapeutic agents, vincristine and actinomycin-D and doxorubicin. Ongoing trials are conducted by several collaborative groups to determine the most effective and safe treatment combination for different disease stages. With current treatment protocols, the overall survival rates reach up to 90%. Starting treatment with upfront surgery or preoperative therapy remains a matter of debate. Reports about the use of laparoscopy are still anecdotal. Preoperative biopsy and nephron-sparing surgeries for unilateral tumors are also controversial issues.
Late effects of Wilms’ tumor treatment are also an important issue. They should be kept in minds of the treating oncologists and onco-surgeons.