الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 102 |  |  |
| | | from | 102 | | |
Abstract
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder diagnosed by the presence of bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. It is increasingly recognized that non-motor symptoms are common and can adversely affect quality of life, yet they often are not diagnosed and consequently are often untreated. Non-motor symptoms include diversity issues such as anxiety, depression, hallucinations, and cognitive impairment, as well as autonomic dysfunction, which may present as gastrointestinal, urinary and sexual disturbances. Non-motor symptoms also include sensory and sleep disturbances. The non-motor symptoms may appear before the motor symptoms are first noticed. They are more troublesome in the more advanced stages of PD, when they become major problems for the patients and often pose a challenge to the treating physicians. With multiple medications often being used to treat PD, their side effects may further exacerbate the problems.
Aim of work: The aim of the current work is to identify the non-motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease and appropriate guidelines for management.
Conclusions: Non motor symptoms (NMS) are common in Parkinson’s disease. The prevalence of NMS is 21% at the time of diagnosis. Non-motor symptoms are difficult to treat and often respond poorly to current drug therapy. Results from a recent international survey show that up to 62% of non-motor symptoms of PD, such as apathy, pain, sexual dysfunction, bowel incontinence, and sleep disorders might remain undeclared to health-care professionals because patients are either embarrassed or unaware. The underestimation of NMS has important therapeutic and social implications as many of these symptoms have an adverse effect on quality of life.