الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work was carried out during 2009-2012, in Silkworm Rearing Laboratory, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University. Mulberry leaves which treated with two doses of 14 powder treatments and 14 liquid treatments were used for feeding of 4th and 5th instar larvae of silkworm. The following criteria and obtained results of powder treatments were as follow:
1- Mean of 4th and 5th instar larvae fresh weight (gm) of silkworm:
Highly significant increase over control, in mean larval weight of 4th instar larvae was noticed in treatments of pollen, palm pollen, soya, ziziphus and drone brood treatments at 5 gm dose. The same was noticed in 10 gm dose, in the same treatments, in addition to ascorbic acid treatment.
Addition of palm pollen, soya, pollen, drone brood or ascorbic acid powders to mulberry leaves increases larval weight of 5th instar of silkworm.
2- Mean of 5th instar silk glands weight (gm):
Highly significant difference was detected between control and palm pollen treatment at 10 gm level, with respect to mean fresh weight (gm) of 5th instar silk glands.
3- Mean of fresh weight (gm) of: cocoon, pupae, cocoon shell, and cocoon shell ratio (%):
No significant differences were noticed in cocoon fresh weight (gm), between both tested levels of powders and between them in examined treatments.
Highly significant increase in female fresh pupal weight (gm) in basil 5 gm treatment. Increase of tested dose from 5 gms to 10 gms, significantly increase mean female pupal weight (gm) in spearmint treatment, while the reverse was true in vasaka or basil treatment.
Highly significant differences were noticed in male pupal weight (gm), of vasaka, or basil treatments at 5 gms dose, from one side, and control from the another side, while in 10 gms dose, this was noticed is vasaka and ziziphus treatments. Increasing of tested dose of ziziphus powder from 5 gms to 10 gms, leads to significant increment of mean male pupal weight (gm), in the highest dose, as compared with the lowest one.
Highly significant increase in mean male cocoon shell weight (gm) was detected in soya, palm pollen, guava and ascorbic acid treatments, at 5 gm level. Percent increase over control in these treatments was ranged from 26.09% to 95.5%. While in 10 gms dose significant increase was noticed in: palm pollen, soya, pollen, vasaka, drone brood, ziziphus, and basil treatment with an increment % of 30.49% to 108.25%. Increase of used dose from 5 gms to 10 gms, in the following treatments: palm pollen, pollen, drone brood, lantana, vasaka and ziziphus, reflects of significant increment in mean male cocoon shell weight (gm). The reverse was true in soya, ascorbic acid and buddleia treatments.
At 5 gms level, the only highly significant increase % in mean female cocoon shell (mg), was detected in basil treatment. It is obvious that response of female cocoon shell weight (gm) to tested treatments was less than males. Low level of tested powders of ziziphus, basil and guava was significantly more than the higher level with respect to mean female cocoon shell weight.
Taking general weight of males and females cocoon shell ratio (%) indicates that maximum mean cocoon shell ratio (%) was noticed in the following 5 gms powder treatments; soya, drone brood, and guava. While in 10 gms treatments, the maximum increase in mean (♂+♀) cocoon shell ratio (%) was detected in: palm pollen, pollen, and drone brood.
Maximum male and females cocoon shell ratio (%), in 5 gms-dose treatments, were as follow: soya, drone brood, guava, palm pollen, pollen and ascorbic acid. While in 10 gms treatments they palm pllen, pollen and drone brood.
No significant differences were found between all tested treatments, at 5 gms dose, and control. While significant difference between palm pollen or pollen treatments, at 10 gms dose, and no significant differences were detected between 5 gms, and 10 gms dose, in all tested treatments.
Cocoon mean shell weight (gm), was less in females, while the mean cocoon shell ratio %, was less in males, as compared with females.
The following parameters and obtained data of liquid treatments were as follow:
1- Mean of 4th or 5th instar larvae fresh weight (gm):
During 4th instar, a slight increase, without significant differences, was noticed in royal jelly (0.03%), pollen (0.2%), royal jelly (0.02%), and pollen plus propolis (0.2% + 0.1%). No significant differences were detected between all tested treatments and their mixtures from one side, and control, from the another side.
During 5th instar, maximum increase % over control was detected in the following hive products: pollen 0.2%, royal jelly, 0.02%, pollen + honey, pollen plus royal jelly and pollen 0.3%. No significant differences were found between each of tested treatments, and control. While significant difference was detected between pollen (0.2%) and honey + royal jelly (2% + 0.02%) treatments.
2- Mean of 5th instar silk glands weight (gm):
Maximum % increase, over control, of mean silk glands weight (mg), was recorded in the following treatments: pollen 0.2% and 0.3%, pollen plus royal jelly, Royal jelly, 0.02%, or 0.03%. No significant differences were noticed between all treatments, and control. While significant increase % between pollen 0.2% or 0.3%, in one side and honey plus-royal jelly (2% + 0.02%) treatment.
3- Mean fresh weight (gm) of cocoon, pupae, cocoon shell, and cocoon shell ratio (%):
A general decrease in fresh cocoon weight (gm), as compared with control, was noticed in all other tested liquid treatments. Significant increase in cocoon weight was noticed between royal jelly 0.02% treatment, from one side, and each of the following treatments: honey (2%), propolis (0.2%); pollen + royal jelly (0.2% + 0.02%); pollen + honey (0.2% + 2%); honey + propolis (2% + 0.1%) and honey + royal jelly (2% + 0.02%), from the another hand and between pollen (0.3%) treatment, from one side, with each of the following treatments: honey (2%), and its mixture with propolis or royal jelly, from the another side.
Fresh weight of males pupae (gm) was increased in most of tested treatments, without significant differences with control. The only significant increase difference was found between honey + propolis (2% + 0.1%) as compared with honey (1%) treatment.
Maximum increase % of male pupal weight was observed in the following, treatments: honey + propolis, propolis, 0.2%, and honey + royal jelly.
Female pupal fresh weight (gm) was decreased in all tested liquid treatments, except in honey (1%) treatment. Significant decrease, as compared with control, was detected with each of the following treatments: honey (2%), royal jelly (0.03%), pollen (0.2%), propolis (0.2%), and honey + propolis (2% + 0.1%).
Maximum mean male cocoon shell weight (gm), in tested treatments were as follow, pollen (0.2%), propolis (0.1%), pollen (0.3%), propolis + royal jelly (0.1% + 0.02%), and propolis (0.2%).
Highly significant difference was detected between control and the following treatments: pollen, 0.2% or 0.3%, propolis 0.1% or 0.2%, royal jelly, 0.02%, and its mixture with pollen or propolis.
Maximum mean weight (gm) of female cocoon shell, were arranged desindingly as follow: pollen (0.2%), pollen (0.3%), honey (1%), and royal jelly (0.02%).
Highly significant difference was noticed between, each of honey (1%), royal jelly (0.02%), or 0.03%, and pollen (0.3%), treatments from one side, and control, from the another side.
Taking general mean of male and female cocoon shell weight, indicates that maximum general mean weigh of (♂+♀) cocoon shell (gm), pollen (0.2%, 0.3%), royal jelly (0.02%), propolis (0.1%), honey (1%), and royal jelly (0.03%).
Maximum mean male cocoon shell ratio (%), was as follow: pollen (0.2%, 0.3%), royal jelly (0.02%, 0.3%), propolis (0.1%), and pollen + royal jelly (0.2% + 0.02%).
Highly significant difference was found between control and each of the following liquid treatments: pollen (0.2%) and (0.3%), royal jelly (0.02% or 0.03%), propolis 0.1%, and propolis + royal jelly (0.1% +0.02%).
Maximum increase of female cocoon shell ratio (%), was as follow: pollen (0.2%, 0.3%),; royal jelly (0.02%, 0.03%), pollen + propolis (0.2% + 0.1%), and honey (1%).
Highly significant difference was detected between control and each of the following treatments: pollen 0.2% or 0.3%, and royal jelly 0.02%.
Taking general mean of male and female together with respect to cocoon shell ratio %, can be arranged desindingly as follow: pollen (0.2%), royal jelly (0.02%), pollen(0.3%), propolis + royal jelly (0.1% + 0.02%), propolis(0.1%), royal jelly (0.03%), honey (1%), pollen + royal jelly (0.2% + 0.02%), pollen + propolis (0.2% + 0.1%), propolis (0.2%), pollen + honey (0.2% + 2%), honey (2%) and honey + royal jelly (2% + 0.02% )
Effect of tested powders on total soluble solids %, (T.S.S.%), total haemocyte counts (T.H.C./mm3) and differential counts (D.H.C.%) in 5th instar haemolymph:
Maximum mean of (T.S.S.%) in larval haemolymph, in five grams-powder treatments, in palm pollen, soya flour, and pollen. While, in 10 grams-powder treatments, maximum mean (T.S.S.%) was in palm pollen, pollen, drones brood, and soya.
Higher figures of T.S.S.% in haemolymph, which reflects more active physiological condition was noticed in 10 grams-powder treatments, followed by 5 grams-treatments, with palm pollen, soya, pollen and drones brood.
Highly significant increment % in T.S.S. % was detected in pollen palm pollen, ascorbic acid and drone brood treatments, at 5 gm level, as compared with control.
Maximum (T.H.C./mm3 haemolymph) in palm pollen, pollen, soya, and drone brood, in two tested levels. The same was observed in respect to T.S.S.%.
More positive effect on (T.S.S%) and (T.H.C.), as a result of using plant powders was noticed in case of eucalyptus and guava treatments.
Concerning (D.H.C.%), maximum prohaemocytes %, or 83.1% and 84.5%, counts was detected in pollen (5 and 10 gms) treatment, respectively. Prohaemocytes were increased also in soya (5 and 10 gms), palm pollen (5 and 10 gms), and drone brood (10 gms), treatments, while it was lower than control, which reflects less activation of physiological condition.
Maximum increment of plasmatocytes % was in basil (5 gm) and spearmint (10 gms) treatments. Maximum increase of spindle cells was noticed in vasaka (5 gm), and buddleia (10 gms) treatments. Highest % abundance of granular cells was noticed in control, and in vasaka (10 gms) treatment. Maximum percentage of oenocytoides, the largest blood cells types, was found in spearmint (10 gms) treatment.
It is of interest to note that increment of prohaemocytes in pollen, soya, palm pollen and drone brood treatments leads to less abundance % of other four types of haemocytes.
Highly significant differences in prohaemocytes and granular cells were detected between all used treatments and doses.
Highly significant differences were detected between treatments with plasmatocytes, spindle cells and oenocytoides. Highly significant differences in prohaemocytes %, in palm pollen, soya and pollen treatments, at 5 gm and 10 gms level, and control. Significant differences between abundance of other types of haemocytes and control, were detected. Highly significant increase % of oenocytoids %, over control, were detected in treatments of buddleia, spearmint, basil and drone brood.
Effect of tested liquids on (T.S.S.%), (T.H.C.) and (D.H.C.%):
Maximum (T.S.S.%) was noticed in pollen (0.3%), royal jelly (0.03%) and honey (1%) treatments, followed by pollen (0.2%), and its mixture with royal jelly (0.2% + 0.02%).
Highly significant differences in (T.S.S.%) were noticed between control and all liquid treatments, except in honey (2%) and its mixture with royal jelly or propolis treatments.
Concerning total haemocytes counts/mm3 haemolymph (T.H.C.), maximum numbers of haemocytes was observed in royal jelly (0.02%); pollen (0.2%) and pollen + propolis (0.2% + 0.1%) treatments.
Highly significant increment in (T.H.C.), over control, in the following treatments: honey (1% and 2%), royal jelly (0.03%), pollen (0.2%), and propolis (0.1%). Significant decrease in (T.H.C.) was detected in royal jelly (0.02%), pollen + propolis, royal jelly plus pollen or propolis, as compared with control.
Thus, depends on data of the effect of honey (2%) concerning (T.S.S.%) and (T.H.C.), and its mixture with pollen (0.2%), propolis (0.1%), and royal jelly (0.02%), this dose of honey (2%), and its mixtures with other hive products, not recommended for using as additives to mulberry leaves for feeding of silkworm. This from the haematological point of view.
Maximum abundance % of prohaemocytes was noticed in pollen (0.2% and 0.3%), and its mixture with royal jelly (0.2% and 0.02%) treatments, and their % abundance in all tested treatments were more than control. Maximum % abundance of plasmatocytes, granula cells and oenocytoides, were in treatments of: pollen + honey (0.2% + 2%); pollen + propolis (0.2% + 0.1%); and honey + royal jelly (2% + 0.02%), while spindle cells % were more in control, as compared with tested treatments.
Highly significant increase % in prohaemocytes was noticed in pollen (0.2%) treatment. Highly significant increment % in plasmatocytes in all treatments, except, pollen + honey, royal jelly + honey and propolis (0.1%), as compared with control. Highly significant increase %, as compared with control, was noticed in spindle cells, in all treatments, except: propolis (0.2%), and its mixture with pollen or honey. Granula cells were increased significantly in propolis (0.2%), honey (2%), and propolis + pollen treatments, as compared with control. Oenocytoids %, were significantly decreased, as compared with control, in propolis (0.2%), pollen (0.3%), pollen plus honey or propolis treatments.
With respect to (T.S.S.%) in silkworm larval haemolymph, and depending on % increase over control readings, the tested powders (gm) and liquids (%) can be arranged desindinglly as follow: palm pollen (10 gm), pollen (10 gm), drone brood (5 gm), soya (10 gm), palm pollen (5 gm), soya (5 gm), pollen (0.3%), pollen (5 gm), royal jelly (0.03%), and honey (1%).
Thus, it can be concluded that using of powders for fortification, or as additives, to mulberry leaves is better than using of liquids, with respect to (T.S.S.%), an indicator of insect physiological condition, in larvae of silkworm.
Percentage over control, of T.H.C./mm3, can be arranged desindinglly as follow: palm pollen (10 or 5 gms), pollen (10 gm), royal jelly (0.02%), pollen (0.2%); pollen + propolis (0.2% + 0.1%), and drone brood (5 or 10 gms).
It can be concluded, as with (T.S.S.%), that concerning (T.H.C.), using of powders is better than liquids as additives to mulberry leaves.
Correlation coefficient and regression equations between some parameters of growth and productivity of silkworm, during our work.
Significant correlation was detected between mean 5th instar fresh larval weight (gm), and mean fresh weigh of silk glands. The correlating formula is was:
Mean fresh weight of silk gland (gm) = 0.19 (Mean fresh weight of 5th instar larvae, gm) - 0.01.
where: n= 45, r= +0.537*
No significant correlation was detected between weight of larva, and cocoon shell weight, gm.
Significant correlation between mean of cocoon shell ratio % (Y), and mean fresh weight of 5th instar larva (X). Correlation regression equation was:
Cocoon shell ratio % = 4.76 + 6.045 (weight of larva, gm),
where, n= 45, and r= +0.391*.
Significant correlation was noticed between mean weight of cocoon shell, gm (Y), and T.S.S.% in larval haemolymph (X). Correlation regression equation was:
Weight of cocoon shell, gm = 0.05 + 0.005 (T.S.S.%).
where, n= 45 and r= +0.384*.
Significant correlation was detected between cocoon shell ratio % (Y), and T.S.S.% (X). The correlation equation was:
Cocoon shell ratio % = 5.25 + 1.009 (T.S.S.).
Thus it is possible to predict the productive parameters, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell ratio (%), using readings of mean larval weight and T.S.S.% in its haemolymph.