الفهرس 
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Abstract
Based onthe revolution in SCs researches,stem cell offers unprecedented opportunities fordeveloping new medical therapies for debilitating diseases anda new way to explore fundamental questions of biology.
Stem cells can be classified into four broad types based on their origin, into * stem cells from embryos * stem cells from the fetus * stem cells from the umbilical cord; and * stem cells from the adult.
According to their potencies, stem cells can be classified into pluripotent, totipotent, multipotent and, Unipotent.
Stem cells have the ability to change it’s phenotypic characteristics (cell reprogramming)in response to external factorsas Cytokines and growth factors (GFs) which are considered as signaling molecules for SC differentiation and proliferation.
Being unspecialized, stem cells are recognized by various surface markers which are specific to each stem cell type
Progress in stem cell researches has given rise to controversy for scientific and religious communities.where should the redline be drawn for this complex matter between our desire as scientists to discover new advancements to cure different diseases, and as human being with our ethics and values.